Full text of "Systematic Biology 2000: Vol 49 Index"

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Index for Volume 49 (2000) 


12S RNA, 592-612 

12S rDNA, 144-145, 148, 150-151, 290, 516-517, 520, 524, 
528, 807 

12S rRNA, 118, 257, 386-388, 390, 714-715, 717-718, 722, 
724, 833 

16S rDNA, 144-145, 148, 150-151, 516-517, 520, 524, 529, 
807 

16S rRNA, 87-90, 94, 118, 257, 714-715, 717-718, 722, 724, 
781-782, 785, 787, 794-795, 833 

18S rDNA, 53-54, 57, 60, 108, 111, 130, 134-136, 139, 
226-227, 229-231, 307-308, 313, 332, 337, 341 
343-344, 347-348, 823 

18S rRNA, 58, 60, 290, 539-562 

28S rDNA, 226 

28S rRNA, 204 


, 


Abagrotis alternata, 206 
Ability of geometric morphometric methods to estimate 
a known covariance matrix, Jeffrey A. Walker, 
686-696 
Abrotanella, 588 
Acacesia, 440 
benigna, 461 
cornigera, 461 
hamata, 461 
villalobosi, 461 
yacuiensis, 461 
Acanthaceae, 353, 489 
Acantheperia, 440 
cherokee, 458 
marion, 458 
stellata, 458 
venusta, 458 
Acanthocephala, 540-541, 544-547, 551, 554, 556-557, 
561 
Acanthochitona crinita, 560 
Acanthognatha, 540, 546-547, 555, 557 
Acanthosaura, 243, 269, 276 
lepidogastra, 255 
Acari, 613 
Acarina, 746 
Acer saccarum, 360 
Acoela, 135, 540-543, 545-546, 550-551, 555-557, 561 
Acoelomate, 140 
Acoelomorpha, 542-543 
Acontiinae, 204, 210, 222 
Acoraceae, 353 
Acorn worm, 56 (see also Balanoglossus carnosus) 


COMPILED BY JOE MADIA 


Acorus, 313-314, 346 
calamus, 353 
Acrodonta, 233-256, 257-277 
Acrodont lizards, 234-235, 249 
Acronicta 
sp., 1, 205 
sp., 2, 205 
Acronictinae, 205 
Actinidiaceae, 353 
Actinidia chinensis, 353 
Actinopterygian fish, 9, 12, 15 
Actinopterygii, 562 
Actinozoan, 389 
Acuba japonica, 354 
Aculepeira, 440 
carbonarioides, 460 
ceropegia, 460 
matsudae, 460 
pac kardi, 460 
travassosi, 460 
vitatta, 460 
Adams consensus method, 367-368 
Adansonia rubrostipa, 357 
Addax nasomaculatus, 518 
Adinandra dumosa, 360 
Adisura bella, 205 
Adoxaceae, 353 
Aduncospiculum, 7 
Aedes, 226-227, 229-230 
Aepyceros melampus, 519 
Aeschna cyanea, 562 
Aesculus pavia, 360 
Aethotaxis mytopterix, 116, 119, 122-124 
Aetrocantha, 440 
alkensteini, 456 
Aextoxicaceae, 318, 342, 347, 353 
Aextoxicon, 345 
punctatum, 353 
Afrosoricida, 501 
Afrostyrax sp., 356 
Afrotheria, 501 
Agalaxias, 780 
Agama, 239, 243-244, 259 
agama, 243, 256 
atra, 243, 256 
bibroni, 256 
Agamidae, 233-256 
Agaminae, 249, 256, 274 
Aganainae, 204, 206, 209, 217-218, 221 


9, 261-263, 272 


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846 _ SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY. 


Agaricaceae, 293, 295-296, 303 
Agaricae, 304 
Agaricales, 278-279, 288, 290, 293-294 
Agaricineae, 279, 290-292, 295, 302 
Agaricoid, 279, 290 
Agaricus 
bisporus, 304 
pocillator, 304 
Agaristinae, 205, 214, 218, 222 
Age rank/clade rank metrics—sampling, taxonomy, 
and the meaning of “stratigraphic consistency,” 
Peter J. Wagner and Christian A. Sidor, 463-479 
Agrocybe, 295 
praecox, 304 
Agrotina, 206 
Agrotis ipsilon, 206 
Ailanthus altissima, 361 
Aizoaceae, 322, 342, 353 
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), 821-822 
Alamosaurus, 772 
Alangium 
chinense, 355 
sp., 355 
Albatrosses, 392, 395 
Alcelaphini, 518, 529 
Alcelaphus 
buselaphus, 518 
caama, 518 
lichtensteini, 518 


a 


Algorithms, 363-368 
Alliaceae, 353 
Alligator, 642-643, 645 
mussissippiensis, 562, 643 
sinensis, 643 
Allopolyploidy, 433 
Alpaida, 440 
acuta, 461 
aiticeps, 461 
antonio, 461 
bicornuta, 461 
championi, 461 
chickeringi, 461 
dominica, 461 
grayi, 461 
latro, 461 
leucogramma, 461 
quadrilorata, 461 
septemmammata, 461 
trispinosa, 461 
tuonabo, 461 
utcuyacu, 461 
versicolor, 461 
Alstroemeriaceae, 353 
Altingiaceae, 353 
Altingia excelsa, 353 
Alvaradoa amorphoides, 359 
Alveolata, 615 
Amanita, 293-294, 296 
citrina, 303 
flavoconia, 303 


muscaria, 303 
peckiana, 303 
rubescens, 303 
Amanitaceae, 290, 294, 303 
Amaranthaceae, 322, 353 
Amaranthus hypochondriacus, 353 
Amargasaurus, 770 
Amblypygi, 613 
Amblyrhynchus, 144, 148, 151, 155-156 
Amborella, 313, 341 
trichopoda, 353 
Amborellaceae, 313, 340, 353 
Amia calva, 562 
Amphibia, 562 
Amphibians, 9, 185 
Amphibolurinae, 249, 255, 274 
Amphibolurus, 241, 259 
muricatus, 255 
Amphioxus, 52 
Amphipholis squamata, 562 
Amphiporus sp., 560 
Amphipyra, 221 
pyramidoides, 205 
Amphipyrinae, 205, 219, 222 
Amphisbaenia, 275 
Amphiscolops, 548 
sp., 561 
Anacardiaceae, 353 
Anagallis 
arvensis, 359 
tenella, 359 
Anagrapha falcifera, 204 
Analysis 
Bayesian, 652, 654 
biogeographic, 247 
bootstrap, 105, 107, 111, 117, 119-120, 160, 172-175, 
178, 208, 246, 248, 346, 603, 608, 720 
Brook’s parsimony, 383-399 
character congruence, 548 
cladistic, 104, 423, 542, 544, 613-614, 714 
continuous track, 405 
decay, 754-776 
minimum evolution, 107-108, 110 
multivariate data, 752, 796 
multivariate regression, 750 
parsimony, 104, 107-108, 148, 160, 171, 187, 208, 217, 
346, 411, 498, 547, 584, 593, 601, 603, 608-609, 
617-618, 624-625, 635, 796-798, 829, 831, 834 
phylogenetic, 117-118, 137, 189, 221, 236, 
252, 259, 269, 309, 369-371, 403, 411, 422, 534, 
595, 617, 623-625, 628, 630-632, 636, 642-643, 
647-649, 672, 716, 720, 796, 799-801 
reconciliation, 383-399 
relative warps, 686-696 
sensitivity, 547 
standard cladistic, 480 
successive weighting, 104 
three-taxon statement, 480-500 
Ananjeva, Natalia B., see Macey, J. Robert,— 
Anapidae, 437 


2 


__ INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


Anathix ralla, 206 Aquifoliales, 334 
Ancistrocladaceae, 327 Aquilaria beccariana, 361 
Ancyliozoa, 22 Arabidopsis, 131-133, 137 
Ancylobotrys, 107 Araceae, 353 
Anderson, Jon P., see Goldman, Nick, — Arachnida, 614 
Andesaurus, 772 Arachnids, 613 
Androcymbium ciliolatum, 355 Arachnura, 440 
Androsace spinulifera, 359 feredayi, 457 
Anelleria, 295 higginsii, 457 
semiovata, 304 logio, 457 
Anepsion, 440 melanura, 457 
peltoides, 458 Araeolaimida, 561 
Aneuploids, 671, 677 Araliaceae, 353 
Angiosperm, 306-362, 422, 481, 486, 671 Araneae, 435-462 
Anguidae, 274 Araneidae, 435, 437, 4 
Anguid lizards, 252 Araneoidea, 437 
Anguinae, 275 Araneus, 440 
Anicla infecta, 206 angulatus, 460 
Aniclina, 206 bicentenarius, 460 
Anisoptera marginata, 356 bispinosus, 460 
Annelida, 45, 56, 540, 542, 546, 551, 556, 560 bonsallae, 460 
Anniellidae, 275 boreus, 460 
Annonaceae, 353 cavaticus, 460 
Annona muricata, 353 chiricahua, 460 
Anopla, 560 cingulatus, 460 
Anorthodes, 221 corticarius, 460 
tarda, 205 diagematus, 460 
Antarctic fish, 114-129 gadus, 460 
Antedon serrata, 562 ginninderranus, 460 
Anthericaceae, 353 heroine, 460 
Anthericum liliago, 353 ishisawi, 460 
Antidorcas marsupialis, 518 juniperi, 460 
Antilocapra americana, 517, 519, 521 macacus, 461 
Antilocapridae, 517 marmoreus, 460 
Antilope cervicapra, 518 niveus, 460 
Antilopini, 518, 529 nordmanni, 460 
Antirrhinum majus, 361 pinguis, 461 
Antlion, 227 psittacinus, 460 
Apamea amputatrix, 206 quadratus, 460 
Apameini, 206, 218, 221 tartaricus, 461 
Apatosaurus, 763, 769-771 uyemari, 461 
Apendicularia, 562 ventricosus, 461 
Aphaniotis, 243, 248, 260, 271 Araniella, 440 
fusca, 256, 269, 275-276 alpica, 462 
Aphragmophora, 562 cucurbitina, 462 
Aphrodita aculeata, 560 displicata, 462 
Apiaceae, 353 inconspicua, 462 
Apiales, 334 opisthographa, 462 
Apis, 638-639, 642 yaginumai, 462 


Apium graveolens, 353 
Aplochiton, 777-779, 781, 785-788, 790-791 


Araucaria, 580, 587 
Araucariaceae, 587 


zebra, 795 Arauija, 108 
Aplochitonini, 777-778 Archaeoceti, 808 
Aplousiobranch, 61 Archemorus, 440, 442 
Apocynaceae s.]., 101-113, 353 roosdorphi, 457 
Apostasia stylidoides, 358 Archezoa, 614 


Appendicularians, 52 
Aptenodytes patagonicus, 397 


Aquifoliaceae, 353 Archosauria, 562 


, 612 


Archiacanthocephala, 561 
Archiloa rivularis, 561 
Apterous (ap), 22 Archonta, 502, 505, 508, 511- 


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848 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 


Arctander, Peter, see Gatesy, John, — 
Arctiidae, 203-204, 209, 214, 217, 219, 221-222 
Arctiinae, 204 
Arctiini, 204 
irgentagrion, 698 
Argia violacea, 699-700 
Argiope, 440 
aemula, 458 
aetherea, 458 
aetheroides, 458 
amoena, 458 
argentata, 458 
aurantia, 458 
blanda, 458 
boesenbergi, 458 
bruennichi, 458 
flavipalpis, 458 
florida, 458 
katherina, 458 
, 458 
lobata, 458 
minuta, 458 
radon, 458 
anensis, 458 


rf 


ranom 
savignyl, 458 
sector, 458 
trifasciata, 458 
versicolor, 458 


Argophyllaceae, 


Argulus nobilis, 562 
Argyrodes, 446 
Argyrotheca cordata, 556, 561 


Arhynchobdellida, 560 
Aristolochiac eae, 314, 344, 353 
Aristolochia macri phylla, 353 
Arkys 440, 442 
latus, 457 


riscalpium, 302 
Artedidraconid, 126 
\rtedidraconidae, 119-120, 126 
Artemia 

Af-ap, 22 

Af-pdm, 22 

franciscana, 22, 88, 90, 93, 95 


56 


salina, 
Arthropoda, 23, 37, 47, 56, 135, 139-140, 190, 198, 389, 
544-547, 550-551, 556, 562 
Artibeus jamaicensis, 511 
Artiodactyla, 501, 504-508, 511-512, 800-807, 808-816 
Arua modesta, 255, 265, 275-276 
Arvicanthis, 752 
Asarum canadense, 353 
Aschelminthes, 540, 544 
Ascidia 
ceratodes, 55 


sydneiensis, 54-55 


zara, 54-55 


VOL. 49 


Ascidiacea, 562 
Ascidians, 52-64 
Ascidiidae, 55, 61 
Asclepias exaltata, 353 
Asota caricae, 204 
Asparagaceae, 353 
Asparagus officinalis, 353 
Asphodelaceae, 353 
Aspidolasius, 440 
branicki, 456 
Aspidosiphon misakiensis, 560 
Asteraceae, 353 
Asterales, 334 
Asterias amurensis, 562 
Asteridae s.]., 332 
Asteroidea, 32, 40, 562 
Asteropeiaceae, 327 
Asterophora, 296 
parasita, 296 
Astilbe taquetii, 360 
Astragalean, 676 
Astragalus, 671-672, 676-677, 681 
Astrobrachion constrictum, 562 
Astropecten irregularis, 562 
Asymmetrical step matrix, 378 
Atherosperma, 581, 584-586 
moschatum, 579-581, 583, 587, 591 
Atherospermataceae, 579-582, 585-588 
Atherospermateae, 586 
atpB, 102, 306-362 
Attine fungus, 305 
Aucubaceae, 354 
Augusta, 440 
glyphica, 456 
Aura, 271 
Austracantha, 440, 442, 444 
minax, 456 
Austrobaileyaceae, 340, 354 
{ustrobaileya scandens, 354 
Austrogoniodes, 389-390, 397 
concii, 387 
cristati, 387 
watersoni, 38 
{ustromenopon, 389 
Averrhoa carambola, 359 
Azilia, 440 


affinis, 453 


Babesia, 615 
Baeospora, 293 
myriaodophylla, 303 
Baileya levitans, 204 
Balaenoptera, 807 
acutorostrata, 807 
physalus, 807 
Balanites maughamii, 362 
Balanoglossus carnosus, 56 
Balsaminaceae, 354 
Bang, Ranhy, Rob DeSalle, and Ward Wheeler, 
Transformationalism, taxism, and 
developmental biology in systematics, 19-27 
Barapasaurus, 771, 773 


z 
53 ; 
Clavatus, 45, 
cornutus, 457 
lancearius, 457 
Armillaria, 294 
tabescens, 303 
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INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


Barbacenia elegans, 362 
Barentsia hildegardae, 561 


Bargelloni, Luca, Stefania Marcato, Lorenzo Zane, and 
Tomaso Patarnello, Mitochondrial phylogeny of 
notothenioids: a molecular approach to Antarctic 
fish evolution and biogeography, 114-129 


Barosaurus, 770-771 
Barringtonia asiatica, 357 
Basidiomycetes, 278, 305 
Basidiomycota, 278 
Basiliscus, 239, 271 

plumifrons, 235, 255, 265, 275-276 
Basilodes chrysopis, 205 
Basket stars, 32 (see also Orphiuroidea) 
Bathydraconidae, 119-120, 122, 124, 126 
Bayer, Clemens, see Savolainen, Vincent,— 
Bayesian analysis, 652, 654 
Bayesian methods, 825-826 
Bdelloidea, 551, 561 
Beatragus hunteri, 518 
Beilschmiedia, 579 
Belisarius xambeui, 562 
Belliolum sp., 362 
Benabib, Miriam, see Flores-Villela, Oscar,— 
Berberidaceae, 354 
Berberidopsidaceae, 318, 342, 347, 354 
Berberidopsis, 342, 345 

corallina, 354 
Bersama lucens, 358 
Bertrana, 440 

laplanada, 461 

laselva, 461 

rufostriata, 461 

striolata, 461 

vella, 461 
Berzelia lanuginosa, 354 
Betulaceae, 354 
Betula 

nigra, 354 

pendula, 354 
Biannularieae, 293, 303 
Bifurcating tree, 465 
Bignoniaceae, 354 
Bilateria, 28, 42, 130-142, 544-545 
Biogeographic analysis, 247 
Biogeographical history, 697 


Biogeography, 114-129, 579-591, 613, 713-739, 777-795 
Biology of Camel-spiders, Fred Punzo (rev.), 613-614 


Bird spider, 56 (see also Evrypelma californica) 
Bison, 528 
bonasus, 518, 520-521 
bison bison, 518 
Bivalvia, 560 
Bixaceae, 354 
Bixa orellana, 354 
Blaberus, 642 
Blandfordiaceae, 354 
Blandfordia punicea, 354 
Bloodworm, 56 (see also Glycera Americana) 
Bécker, Sebastian, see Steel, Mike,— 


Boehmeria nivea, 361 
Boiidae, 273, 275 
Bolbitiaceae, 295, 304 
Bolbitius, 295 

vitellinus, 304 
Boletaceae, 292, 305 
Boletineae, 290, 292, 305 
Boletus, 292 

retipes, 305 
Bomarea hirtella, 353 
Bombax 

buonopozense, 357 

ceiba, 357 
Bombina orientalis, 11 
Bondarzewia, 290, 296 

mesenterica, 305 
Bondarzewiaceae, 305 
Bonelliidae, 435 
Bonelliids, 435 
Bone morphogen protein-4 (BMP-4), 22-23 


Bootstrap, 133, 155, 157, 160-171, 203, 207, 216-222, 236, 
238, 240-243, 259, 290, 307, 313, 328, 339, 391-392, 
411, 431-432, 511-512, 521, 568-569, 582-584, 586, 
596, 603, 632, 643, 654, 657, 662-663, 668, 671-685, 
702, 723, 725, 727, 730, 804, 815, 821, 824-825, 


830-835 


analysis, 105, 107, 111, 117, 119-120, 160, 172-175, 178, 


208, 246, 248, 346, 603, 608, 720 
frequencies, 104 


Bootstrapping, 131, 150, 160, 171-179, 281, 297-298, 702, 


729, 754, 763, 774, 782 
nonparametric, 145-146, 829-836 
no-swap, 172-176 
parametric, 147-148, 151 

Boraginaeae, 354 
Borago officinalis, 354 
Bos, 524, 528 
taurus, 517-518, 520, 524, 807 
Boselaphini, 515, 517-518, 524, 528 
Boselaphus, 524, 534-536 
tragocamelus, 516, 518, 520 
Bostrichobranchus digonas, 55 
Bothromesostoma sp., 554, 561 
Bougainvillea glabra, 358 
Bouvardia glaberrina, 360 
Bovichtid monophyly, 116 
Bovichtidae, 119, 125 
Bovichtids, 117 
Bovichtus variegatus, 117, 119-122 
Bovidae, 504, 515-538, 805, 807 
Bovinae, 524, 529, 534-536 
Bovini, 516-518, 520, 528, 532, 534-536 
Boykinia rotundifolia, 360 
Brachionus plicatilis, 561 
Brachiopoda, 540, 544-546, 551, 556-557, 561 
Brachiosaurus, 770, 772 
Brachiozoa, 546 
Brachygalaxias, 777-778, 780, 788-789, 791 
bullocki, 780, 794 
Brachylophus, 144, 147-148 


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850 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 


Branchinecta packardi, 562 Caerostris, 440 
Branchiopoda, 562 extrusa, 456 
Branchiostoma floridae, 55, 562 vinsoni, 456 
Branch support, 800-807, 829-836 Caiman, 642-643 
Branch swapping, 145-146, 160-171, 172, 176, 178, Caimanops, 241 
189-190, 282, 297 amphiboluroides, 

Brasenia schreberi, 358 Calanus pacificus, 562 
Brassica Calcichordates, 58 

balearica, 354 Callipallene sp., 562 

oleracea, 354 Callisaurus, 592, 605, 607-609 
Brassicaceae, 354 draconoides bogerti, 594, 608 
Brassicales, 327, 332, 344-345 d. brevipes, 608 
Bremer, Birgitta, see Sennblad, Bengt,— d. carmenensis, 594, 609 
Bremer supports, 189, 193, 197, 756, 785, 830 d. crinitis, 594, 609 
Brexia madagascariensis, 354 d. inusitatus, 608 
Brine shrimp, 22, 56 (see also Artemia franciscana) d. myurus, 594, 609 
Brissopsis lyrifera, 562 d. rhodostictus, 594, 609 


Brittle stars, 32, 56 (see also Orphiuroidea) d. ssp., 594 
Bronchocela, 243, 248 d. ventralis, 594, 609 


cristatella, 256 Callistosporium, 293 
Brontosaurus, 763 luteoolivaceum, 302 
Brook’s parsimony analysis (BPA), 383-399 Callithrix, 507 
Broughton, Richard E., Scott E. Stanley, and Richard jacchus, 504 
I. Durrett, Quantification of homoplasy for Callitrichidae, 504 
nucleotide transitions and transversions and Callopistria mollissima, 205 
a re-examination of assumptions in weighted Callosobruschus, 43 
phylogenetic analysis, 617-627 Calotes, 242-243 
Brown, Jonathan M., Mark A. McPeek, and Michael calotes, 243, 256, 260 
L. May, Phylogenetic perspective on habitat ceylonensis, 243, 256 
shifts and diversity in the North American emma, 243, 256 
ENALLAGMA damselflies, 697-712 liocephalus, 243, 256 
Brownian motion models, 445 liolepis, 243, 256 
Bruguiera gymnorhiza, 360 mystaceus, 243, 256 
Bruniaceae, 354 nigrilabris, 243, 256 
Bryozoa, 540, 544-546, 555-557, 561 versicolor, 243, 256 
Calpinae, 204, 217-218, 221 
Calycanthaceae, 354, 588 
Calycanthus floridus, 354 
Camniarasaur, 771 
lej Camarasaurus, 770, 772 
riculata, 354 Cambrian period, 138, 192 
’dti, 354 Camelidae, 805, 807 
1ddlejaceae, 354 Camelus dromedarius, 807 
| s taxicolor, 518 Cameron, Chris B., see Swalla, Billie J.— 
» bufo, 11 Campanella subdendrophora, 303 
sufonid frogs, 250 Campanula 
ulbine succulenta, 353 ramulosa, 354 
surseraceae, 354 trachelium, 354 
3ursera inaguensis, 354 Campanulaceae, 354 
Bursovaginoidea, 541, 551, 561 Canellaceae, 317, 339-340, 354 
Buxaceae, 318, 321, 341, 354 Canella winterana, 354 
Buxus sempervirens, 354 Canidae, 504 
Canis, 507 
Caberea, 550 familiaris, 504 
boryi, 561 Cannabaceae, 354 
Cabombaceae, 340 Canonical correlation, 740-753 
Cactaceae, 322, 342, 354 Canonical variates analysis (CVA), 695 
Caenorhabditis, 131-133, 137 Capitella, 550 
elegans, 3-18, 58, 186 capitata, 560 
Caenurgina crassiuscula, 204 Capitellida, 560 


JOL. 49 

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2000 INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


Capparis Ceratophyllales, 313 

hastata, 354 Ceratophyllum, 313-314, 340, 343, 346 

spinosa, 354 demersum, 355 
Capra, 527, 529, 532, 534 Ceratotherium simum, 807 

aegagrus, 518, 520-521 Cerbera, 107 

hircus, 517,521 Cercidia, 440 
Capricornis, 527 prominens, 460 

crispus, 518 Cercidiphyllaceae, 355 

sumatraensis, 518 Cercidiphyllum japonicum, 355 

swinhoei, 518 Cercopid, 227 
Caprinae, 524, 527, 529, 535-536 Cervidae, 520-521 
Caprini, 517-518, 520, 529 Cestoda, 561 
Carabid beetles, 823 Cetacea, 501, 512, 800-807, 808-816 
Caradrinini, 205-206, 218, 221 Cetacean evolution, 808 
Caragana, 676 Cetartiodactyla, 501-502, 801, 805, 808, 814 

arborescens, 677 Cetiosaurus, 771 
Carallia brachiata, 360 Chaenocephalus aceratus, 119, 122 
Carboniferous insect fossils, 21 Chaetacis, 440, 442, 444 
Carboniferous period, 614 aureola, 457 
Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, 87-100 cornuta, 457 
Caricaceae, 354 cucharas, 457 
Carica papaya, 354 necopinata, 457 
Carnivora, 502, 504-508, 511-512 picta, 457 
Carpenteria californica, 357 Chaetognatha, 540-546, 550, 555-557, 562 
Caryophyllaceae, 322, 342, 354 Chaetognaths, 52, 540 
Caryophyllales, 318, 322, 332, 341-344, 347 Chaetonotida, 561 
Caryophyllidae s.1., 344 Chaetonotus, 548 
Caryophyllids, 342 sp., 561 
Castilleja austromontana, 413 Chaetopterus variopedatus, 560 
Casuarinaceae, 354 Chain is no stronger than its weakest link: Double 
Casuarina litorea, 354 decay analysis of phylogenetic hypotheses, 
Catabena lineolata, 205 Mark Wilkinson, Joseph L. Thorley, and Paul 
Catalpa bignonioides, 354 Upchurch, 754-776 
Catenulida, 135, 540-541, 543, 545-546, 551, Chamaeleo, 239-241, 259-260 

fischeri, 255 

Catocalinae, 204, 217-218, 221 Chamaeleonidae, 233-256, 27 
Caudofoveata, 560 Champsocephalus, 126 
Caulophyllum thalictroides, 354 esox, 126 
Caulorhiza, 293 gunnari, 119, 122, 126 

hygrophoroides, 303 Channichthyidae, 116, 119-120, 124, 126 
cDNA, 809 Channichtid, 120 
Celastraceae, 322, 328, 354-355 Character coding, 628-651, 796-799 
Celastrus orbiculatus, 354 Character congruence, 713-739 
Centipeda, 588 Character congruence analysis, 548 
Central Limit Theorem, 657 Character evolution, 617-627, 823 
Cephalaspidomorphi, 562 Character partitions, 183-201 
Cephalochordata, 52, 55, 192, 545-546, 551, 562 Character performance, 101-113 
Cephalophini, 518 Character weighting, 101-113 
Cephalophus Characters 

dorsalis, 519 continuous, 435-462 

maxwelli, 519 gap, 369-381 
Cephalorhyncha, 546-547, 555, 557 homoplastic, 109, 801-803 
Cerastipsocus, 638-639, 642 molecular, 815 
Ceratioidea, 435 morphological, 116, 124, 130, 148, 370, 402, 815 
Ceratophora, 239, 243, 257, 260, 265, 276 multistate, 387, 716 

aspera, 256 parsimony-informative, 104-105, 156, 211, 411, 629, 

erdeleni, 257 ; 639, 642, 702-703, 805 

karu, 257 phenotypic, 401 

stoddartii, 256 phylogenetic, 372, 617, 625 

tennentii, 257 quantitative, 796-799 
Ceratophyllaceae, 313, 343, 347, 355 single univariate, 796 


: 
i 
* 


852 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 49 


Character-state tree, 383, 481 
Character-state weighting, 628-651 
Charactiform, 783, 789 
Charadra deridens, 205 
Charadriiformes, 386 
Chase, Mark W., see Savolainen, Vincent,— 
Chelicerata, 562, 614 
Chelonethida, 746 
Chelosania brunnea, 255 
Chelyosoma siboja, 54-55 
Chenopodiaceae, 342 
Chilopoda, 744, 746 
Chionodraco hamatus, 119, 122 
Chiroptera, 501-514 
Chlamydosaurus, 241 

kingii, 255 
Chloranthaceae, 313-314, 339-341, 344, 355 
Chloranthus japonicus, 355 
Chlorophyllum molybdites, 304 
Choeropsis liberiensis, 807 
Cholesky factorization, 568 
Chondrichthyes, 562 
Chordales, 293 
Chordata, 37, 47 
Chordate evolution, 52-64 
Chordin (chd), 22 
Chordonia, 540, 551, 556 
Chordotes morgani, 561 
Chorisia speciosa, 357 
Chorizopes, 440 

frontalis, 456 

sp. Madagascar, 456 
Chromadorida, 561 
Chrondrichthyans, 494 
Chrysanympha formosa, 204 
Chrysometa, 440 

alajuela, 454 

alboguttata, 454 

allija, 454 

aureola, 454 

bella, 454 

boquete, 454 

borac cia, 454 

brevipes, 454 

calima, 454 

cambara, 454 

carmelo, 454 

chic a, 454 

chipinque, 454 

cornuta, 454 

craigae, 454 

cuenca, 454 

distincta, 454 

donachui, 454 

guttata, 454 

hamata, 454 

heredia, 454 

huila, 454 

jayuyensis, 454 

keyserlingi, 454 

kochalkai, 454 


lepida, 454 

ludibunda, 454 

luisi, 454 

maculata, 454 

minza, 454 

nigrovittata, 454 

nuboso, 454 

opulenta, 454 

pilimbala, 454 

poas, 454 

purace, 454 

saladito, 454 

troya, 454 

universitaria, 454 

utcuyacu, 454 

yunque, 454 
Chrysomphalina 

chrysophylla, 302 

grossula, 302 
Chrysosplenium iowense, 360 
Cicada, 227 
Cichorium intybus, 353 
Cicindela, 642 
Cidaroidea, 43 
Cinchona pubescens, 360 
Cinnamodendron ekmanii, 354 
Cinnamomum camphora, 357 
Ciona, 58 

intestinalis, 54-55 

savignyl, 54-55 
Cionidae, 55, 61 
Cirripedia, 435 
Cisseps fulvicollis, 204 
Cistaceae, 355 
Cistus revolii, 355 
Citrus paradisi, 360 
Clade significance, 829-836 
Cladistic analysis, 104, 423, 542, 544, 613-614, 714 
Cladistics, 422, 424, 437, 480-500, 796-799 
Cladogenesis, 68-71, 471, 472, 474 
Cladogenetic, 249 
Cladogram, 66, 69, 72, 76, 79-80, 102, 189, 237, 246, 384, 

388, 423, 437-439, 444, 463-466, 468, 476, 520, 522, 


Clavija eggersiana, 361 
Clethra 
alnifolia, 


355 
arborea, 355 


Clethraceae, 355 
Clidemia petiolaris, 358 
Clitaetra, 440, 447 
episinoides, 453 
sp Cameroon, 453 
Clitellata, 545, 556, 
Clitocybe, 293-294 
clavipes, 293, 302 
connata, 302 
dealbata, 302 
lateritia, 293, 302 
nuda, 302 
Clitocybinae, 293, 302 


{ > > 
722 enc 5 
10, 733, 797, 805, 812, 814 4 4 
i 
—— 


2000 


INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


Clitopilus prunulus, 293-294, 304 
Clupea harengus, 562 
Clupeids, 12 
c-Myc gene, 501-514 
c-Myc gene sequences and the phylogeny of bats 

and other eutherian mammals, Michael M. 
Miyamoto, Calvin A. Porter, and Morris 
Goodman, 501-514 
Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis, 55 
Cnidaria, 135, 199 
Coagulogen, 97 
Cobaea scandens, 359 
Cochlospermum intermedium, 354 
Coddington, Jonathan A., see Hormiga, Gustavo,— 
Codon constraints, 101-113 
Coelacanthiformes, 562 
Coelomata, 130-142 
Coelomopora, 540, 551 
Coelosaur, 469 
Coenagrion, 708 
resolutum, 699-700 
Coenagrionid, 699, 701 
Coenagrionidae, 697-712 
Coffea arabica, 360 
Colchicaceae, 355 
Coleoptera, 43, 746 
Collazo, Andrés, Developmental variation, homology, 
and the pharyngula stage, 3-18 
Collazo, Andrés, see Swalla, Billie J.— 
Collembola, 746 
Collybia, 293 
dryophila, 303 
maculata, 303 
polyphylla, 303 
racemosa, 303 
Collybieae, 293, 303 
Colossendeis sp., 562 
Colphepeira, 440 
catawhba, 462 

Colubridae, 273, 275 

Colutea arborescens, 677 

Combinable consensus tree, 104 

Combined analysis tree, 550 

Combining data, 202-224, 592-612 

Combretaceae, 355 

Comparison of three methods for estimating internal 

support on phylogenetic trees, Mark E. Mort, 
Pamela S. Soltis, Douglas E. Soltis, and Michelle 
L. Mabry, 160-171 

Complex morphological structures, 563-578 

Complex phylogenies, 306-362 

Conanthera campanulata, 361 

Conchomyces, 293, 295 

bursaeformis, 303 

Condica videns, 205 

Condicinae, 205-206, 214, 218-219, 222 

Condicini, 205 

Coniacian period, 581, 587 

Connaraceae, 355 

Connarus conchocarpus, 355 

Connochaetes 


gnou, 518 
taurinus, 518 
Conocybe, 295 
rickenii, 304 
Conolophus, 144, 148, 151 
Consensus, 754-776 
Consensus tree, 169, 281, 283, 292, 363-368, 705, 755, 832 
Consistency, 617-627 
Constraints 
codon, 101-113 
functional, 101-113 
Continuous characters, 435-462 
Continuous Track Analysis (CTA), 405 
Convoluta, 548 
naikaiensis, 561 
Convolvulaceae, 355 
Coombs, G.H., K. Vickerman, M.A. Sleigh, and 
A. Warren (eds.) (rev.), Evolutionary relationships 
among protozoa, 614-616 
Co-option, 19-27 
Cophosaurus, 592, 605, 607-609 
texanus reticulatus, 609 
t. scitulus, 594, 609 
t. texanus, 594, 609 
Cophotis, 243 
ceylanica, 256 
Copidosoma floridanum, 39 
Coprinaceae, 295, 304 
Coprinoideae, 304 
Coprinus, 295 
atramentarius, 304 
bisporus, 304 
cinereus, 304 
comatus, 295, 304 
kimurae, 304 
nudiceps, 304 
sterquilinus, 295, 304 
Cordylidae, 274 
Corella japonica, 54-55 
Corellidae, 55 
Coriaria, 580 
Coriariaceae, 355 
Coriaria myrtifolia, 355 
Corley, Laura S., see Swalla, Billie J.— 
Cornaceae, 355 
Cornales, 332, 334 
Cornus mas, 355 
Corokia cotoneaster, 353 
Corti, Marco, see Rohlf, F. James,— 
Cortinariaceae, 293, 295, 304 
Cortinarieae, 304 
Cortinarius, 295 
iodes, 304 
marylandensis, 304 
sp., 304 
Corylopsis, 322 
pauciflora, 355 
Corynocarpaceae, 355 
Corynocarpus laevigatus, 355 
Corytophaninae, 271, 274 
Cospeciation, 383-399 


: 
| 


854 


Cottoperca gobio, 117, 120-122 
Cotula, 588 
Covariance, 740-753 
Covariance structure, 686-696 
Covariotide evolution, 225-232 
cpDNA, 423 
Crab spiders (see also Thomisidae), 435 
Craniata, 545, 551, 562 
Crassulaceae, 341, 355 
Crassula marnierana, 355 
Crepidotaceae, 279 
Cretaceous period, 80, 580, 587, 763, 772 
late, 788 
Crinipellis maxima, 303 
Crinoidea, 562 
Crocodile 12S mtrDNA, 628-651 
Crossosomataceae, 328 
Crotalus atrox, 733 
Crotaphytinae, 274 
Crustacea, 22, 389 
Cruznema tripartitum, 7-8 
Cryodraco antarcticus, 119, 122 
Ctenophora, 135 
Ctenophorus, 241 
dec resi, 239, 255 
Ctenosaura, 144, 148, 151, 157 
similes, 148 
quinquecarinata, 148 
Ctenuchini, 204, 206 
Cucullia convexipernis, 205, 214 
Cuculliinae, 205, 222 
Cucurbitaceae, 355 
Cucurbitales, 327, 332, 344 
Cunoniaceae, 355 
Cupaniopsis anacardioides, 360 
Cyanallagma, 699 
Cyatholipidae, 437 
Cyclanthaceae, 355 
Cycliophora, 540-542, 545-546, 551, 554-557, 561 
Cycloneuralia, 541, 547, 555, 557 
Cyclops (cyc), 13 
Cyclosa, 440 
argenteoalba, 462 
atrata, 462 
bifurca, 462 
camelodes, 462 
caroli, 462 
confusca, 462 
conica, 462 
ginnaga, 462 
hamulata, 462 
insulana, 462 
japonica, 462 
kumadai, 462 
laticauda, 462 
maritima, 462 
monticola, 462 
mulmeinensis, 462 
norohisai, 462 
octotuberculata, 462 
oculata, 462 


_SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY _ 


okumae, 462 
omonaga, 462 
sachikoae, 462 
sedeculata, 462 
shinoharai, 462 
turbinata, 462 
vallata, 462 
walckenaeri, 462 


Cyclura, 144, 148, 150-157 
Cygnodraco mawsoni, 119, 122 
Cylindroiulus punctatus, 561 
Cynocephalidae, 504 
Cynocephalus variegatus, 502, 504 
Cyprinid fishes, 250 
Cypripedium 


calceolus, 358 
irapeanum, 358 


Cyptotrama asprata, 303 
Cyrillaceae, 355 
Cyrilla racemiflora, 355 
Cyrtarachne, 440 


bufo, 457 

induta, 457 
inequalis, 457 
nagasakiensis, 457 
nigra, 457 


yunoharuensis, 457 


Cyrtophora, 440 


alayoi, 457 

citricola, 457-458 

exanthematica, 458 

ikomasanensis, 458 

moluccensis, 458 
Cystoderma, 296 

granulosum, 304 
Cystodermateae, 295, 304 
Cystolepiota cystidiosa, 304 


Cytochrome b, 144, 147-148, 150-151, 153-154, 156-157, 


257, 276, 515-516, 592-612, 623, 782-783, 785, 787, 


807, 808 
Cytochrome c, 807 
Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), 87-88, 91-97, 
239-240, 275 
COIL, 257 
COIII, 257 


Dallia, 782, 787 
pectoralis, 795 
Damaliscus 
dorcas dorcas, 518 
dorcas phillipsi, 518 
lunatus jimela, 518 
lunatus lunatus, 518 
Damselflies, 698 (see also Enallagma) 
Daphnandra, 582, 584-586 
apatela, 580 
micrantha, 580, 591 
repandula, 580, 582, 591 
sp. nov., 580, 591 
tenuipes, 580 
Daphniphyllaceae, 355 


A 
Es 

| 

H 

| 

7 

t 


INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


Daphniphyllum sp., 355 

Dasychira obliquata, 204 

Datana perspicua, 204 

Data set incongruence, 143-159 

Data set removal index (DRI), 524, 533-534 
Datisca cannabina, 355 

Datiscaceae, 355 

DAX-1, 186 


De Bruijn, Anette Y., see Savolainen, Vincent, — 


Decaisnea fargesii, 357 

Decay analysis, 754-776 
Decay index, 800-807, 829-836 
Degeneriaceae, 355 

Degeneria sp., 355 


DeBry, Ronald W. and Richard G. Olmstead, Simulation 
study of reduced tree-search effort in bootstrap 


resampling analysis, 171-179 
Deinopis, 440 
lamia, 453 
longpipes, 453 
spinosa, 453 
Deinopoidea, 437 
Deletions, 369-381 
Delosperma echinatum, 353 
Dendrocoelum lacteum, 561 
Dendrodoa grossularia, 55 
Dentalium pilsbryi, 560 
De Queiroz, Kevin, see Wigenbusch, James,— 
Dermasterias imbricata, 40 
Dermestes, 43 
Dermoptera, 502, 504, 506-508 
DeSalle, Rov, see Bang, Ranhy,— 
DeSalle, Rob, see Thornton, Joseph W.,— 
Desmodora ovigera, 561 
Desmodorida, 561 
Deuterostome, 140, 198, 543-545, 551, 554-557 
evolution, 52-64 
Development, 19-27 


Developmental regulatory genes and the Echinoderm 
evolution, Gregory A. Wray and Christopher 


J. Lowe, 28-51 
Developmental variation, homology, and the 
pharyngula stage, Andrés Collazo, 3-18 

Devonian spider fossils, 614 
Diadromy, 777-795 
Dibamidae, 275 
Dibamus novaeguineae, 275 
Dicella nucifera, 357 
Dicentra 

chrysantha, 359 

spectabilis, 359 
Diceros bicornis, 807 
Dichapetalaceae, 355 
Dichapetalum 

brownii, 355 

crassifolium, 355 
Dickerman’s method, 405, 415 
Dicraeiosauridae, 770 
Dictyna, 437, 440 

arundinacea, 452 

brevitarsus, 453 


civica, 453 
coloradensis, 452 
lateens, 452 
major, 452 
muraria, 453 
pusilla, 452 
terrestris, 453 
uncinata, 452 
Dictyophleba, 107 
Didiereaceae, 342 
Didymelaceae, 318, 321, 341, 355 
Didymeles perrieri, 355 
Diegodendron humbertii, 354 
Differentiation, 400-421 
Dillenia 
indica, 355 
retusa, 355 
Dilleniaceae, 318, 341-342, 344-345, 347, 355 
Dilleniidae, 344 
Dilta littoralis, 562 
Dinophilida, 560 
Dinophilus gyrociliatus, 544, 560 
Dinosaurs, 469, 763 
sauropod, 754 
Diodora graeca, 560 
Diomedea epomophora, 387, 391, 396 
Dioncophyllaceae, 342 
Dioscoreaceae, 355 
Dioscorea polygonoides, 355 
Diospyros 
kaki, 356 
virginiana, 356 
Diploda, 746 
Diplodocidae, 770 
Diplodocus, 763, 769-771 
Diplogasteridae, 6 
Diplogastridae, 6-7 
Diploglossinae, 275 
Diporiphora, 241 
bilineata, 255 
Dipsacales, 334 
Dipsosaurus, 144, 147-148 
Diptera, 43, 226, 230, 746 
Dipterocarpaceae, 356 
Dirofilaria immitis, 562 
Disanthus, 322 
cercidifolia, 356 
Dischidia lanceolata, 353 
Discocelis tigrina, 561 
Dissostichus, 120 
eleginoides, 116, 119, 122-123, 125, 127 
mawsoni, 119, 123 
ssp., 116, 123 
Distel, Daniel L., see Giribet, Gonzalo,— 
Divergence and reticulation among montane 


populations of a jumping spider (Habronattus 


pugillis Griswold), Wayne Maddison and 
Michelle McMahon, 400-421 
Diversity patterns, 65-86 
DNA 
genomic, 235 


} 
| 


856 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 


mitochondrial, 233-256, 257-277, 592-612 
DNA sequences, 501-514 
Decophoroides, 389 
Dolichognatha, 440 
pentagona, 453 
umbrophila, 453 
Dolichorhabditis sp., 562 
Doliolids, 52-53, 55-56, 58 
Doliolum nationalis, 55 
Dolophones, 440 
conifera, 458 
pilosa, 458 
Dolphins, 501, 808 (see also Cetacea) 
Dombeya tiliacea, 357 
Dorocordulia, 641-642 
Doryphora, 582, 584-586 
aromatica, 580, 591 
sassafras, 580, 582, 591 
Dos Reis, Sérgio Furtado, see Duarte, Luiza Carla,— 
Draco, 241 -242 
blanfordii, 255 
Dracoinae, 249, 274 
Dragonflies, 699, 705, 708 
Dress, Andreas W.M., see Steel, Mike, — 
Drimys, 587 
winteri, 362 
Dromaeosaurids, 469 
Drosera 
communis, 356 
spathulata, 356 
Droseraceae, 322, 342, 356 
Drosophila, 1, 23, 39, 43, 45, 131-133, 137, 139, 226-227, 
229-230, 701-702 
decapentaplegic, 23 
melanogaster, 12, 22, 29, 47, 186, 390 
yakuba, 701 
Drosophilia—Aedes, 641 
Dryadodaphne, 580, 585-586 
crassa, 579-580 
novoguineensis, 579-580, 591 
sp. nov., 580, 591 
trachyuphloia, 580 
Dryas drummondi, 360 
Duarte, Luiza Carla, Leandro Rabello Monteiro, 
Fernando José Von Zuben, and Sérgio Furtado 


Dos Reis, Variation in mandible shape in 
Thrichomys apereoides (Mammalia:Rodentia): 
geometric analysis of a complex morphological 
structure, 563-578 

Dudleya viscida, 355 

Durrett, Richard T., see Broughton, Richard E..— 

Dypterygiini, 205 


Early evolution of the Bilateria, Bernhard Hausdorf, 
130-142 

Ebenaceae, 356 

Ecdysis, 136 

Ecdysozoa, 136, 539-562 

Echimyidae, 564 

Echinococcus granulosus, 561 

Echinodermata, 28-51, 53, 56, 79, 140, 185, 385, 472, 
545-546, 551, 556, 562 


Echinoidea, 32, 40, 562 
Echinorhinus cookei, 562 
Echinorhynchus gadi, 561 
Echinothurioidea, 43 
Echinus esculentus, 562 
Echiura, 435, 440, 544-546, 551, 560 
Echiuroinea, 560 
Ectoplana limuli, 561 
Ectoprocta, 542, 546 
Ediacaran fossils, 140 
Egon, 186 
Elaeagnaceae, 356 
Elaeagnus 
angustifolia, 356 
sp., 356 
Elaeocarpaceae, 356 
Elaphria grata, 205 
Elapid snakes, 252 
Eleginopinae, 119, 122-123, 125 
Eleginops maclovinus, 116, 119-120, 122-125, 127 
Elephants, 501 (see also Proboscidea) 
Eleutherdactylus coqui, 11 
Elision matrix, 190 
Enacrosoma, 440 
anomalum, 461 
frenca, 461 
Enallagma, 698, 702, 705, 707-708 
ambiguum, 699 
anna, 700, 702, 705, 707-708, 712 
antennatum, 700, 702-703, 707, 712 
aspersum, 700, 702, 705, 712 
basidens, 700, 702, 705, 707, 712 
belyshevi, 698 
boreale, 698, 700, 705, 712 
brevispina, 699 
carunculatum, 700, 712 
civile, 700, 702, 705, 707-708, 712 
clausum, 700, 702, 705, 707-708, 712 
coecum, 699 
concisum, 700, 702, 705, 712 
cyathigerum, 698-700, 705, 712 
daecki, 700, 705, 707, 712 
davisis, 700, 712 
deserti, 698 
divagans, 700, 702-703, 707, 712 
doubledayi, 700, 705, 712 
dubium, 700, 702-703, 707, 712 
durum, 700, 702, 707, 712 
ebrium, 700, 712 
eiseni, 698-699 
exsulans, 700, 702, 705, 707, 712 
geminatum, 700, 712 
hageni, 700, 712 
insula, 699 
kagiense, 699 
laterale, 700, 702, 705, 707-708, 712 
minusculum, 700, 712 
nigrolineatum, 698 
novaehispaniae, 698-699 
optimolocus, 699 
pallidum, 700, 702-703, 707, 712 
parvum, 698 


> 
= 
| +4 
3 
i 
i 


2000 


INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


pictum, 700, 702, 712 
pollutum, 700, 702, 712 
praevarum, 700, 712 
recurvatum, 700, 712 
risi, 698 
rua, 698-699 
semicirculare, 698-699 
signatum, 700, 702-703, 707, 712 
sulcatum, 700, 702, 712 
traviatum, 700, 702-703, 705, 707, 712 
truncatum, 798-799 
vernale, 698, 700, 712 
vesperum, 700, 702, 712 
weewa, 700, 702, 705, 707, 712 
Enchytraeus sp., 560 
Encyosaccus, 440 

sexmaculatus, 457 
End-Ordovician extinction, 80 
Endosperm, 341-342 
Endoxocrinus parrae, 562 
Enopla, 560 

Enoplida, 561 

Enoplus brevis, 561 

Enteropneusta, 35, 544-545, 551, 556, 562 

Entoloma, 293 
strictius, 294, 304 

Entolomataceae, 293-295, 304 

Entoprocta, 540-542, 545-546, 550-551, 556, 561 

Eoacanthocephala, 561 

Eocene period, 587 

Ephedraceae, 356 

Ephedra tweediana, 356 

Ephemera sp., 562 

Episbates, 389 

Equus caballus, 807 

Ercilla volubilis, 359 

Erica 

australis, 356 
sicula, 356 

Ericaceae, 356 

Ericales, 332, 341-342 

Eriophora, 440 

edax, 462 
fuliginea, 462 
nephiloides, 462 
ravilla, 462 
transmarina, 462 

Eriopinae, 205-206 

Eriopygina, 206 

Erythroxylaceae, 356 

Erythroxylum confusum, 356 

Escallonia 

coquimbensis, 356 
sp., 356 

Escalloniaceae, 356 

Eschrichtius robustus, 807 

Esocoids, 782, 786-787 

Esox, 782, 787 

lucius, 795 

Estigmene acrea, 204 

Euarchonta, 508 


Eubilateria, 135-138, 140 
Eublepharinae, 274 
Euclea natalensis, 356 
Euclidian distances, 798 
Euclidian space, 564, 567-568 
Eucommiaceae, 356 
Eucommia ulmoides, 356 
Eucryphia, 580 
lucida, 355 
milliganii, 355 
Eudryas grata, 205 
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, 387, 391 
Eudyptula minor, 387, 391 
Eugarics, 279 
Eugyra arenosa, 55 
Euhelopodidae, 771 
Euhelopus, 770-772 
Eukaryotes, 614 
Eumysopinae, 564 
Euonymus alatus, 354 
Euperipatoides leukarti, 562 
Euphorbiaceae, 356 
Euphorbia polychroma, 356 
Euploids, 671, 677 
Eupomatia bennettii, 356 
Eupomatiaceae, 356 
Euptelea, 321 
polyandra, 356 
Eupteleaceae, 356 
Eurya japonica, 361 
Eurypelma californica, 56 
Eustala, 440 
anastera, 461 
bifida, 461 
californiensis, 461 
cazieri, 461 
cepina, 462 
clavispina, 461 
conchlea, 462 
devia, 461 
eleuthera, 462 
emertoni, 462 
rosa, 462 
Eustrotiinae, 204, 217, 222 
Eutardigrada, 562 
Euteliinae, 203-204, 217 
Eutheria, 562 
Eutherian mammals, 501-514 
Eutricopis nexilis, 205 
Eutrochozoa, 136, 140, 440 (see also Lophozoa) 
Evaluating trans-Tethys migration: an example using 
acrodont lizard phylogenetics, J. Robert Macey, 
James A. Schulte, II, Allan Larson, Natalia B. 
Ananjeva, Yuezhao Wang, Rohan Pethiyagoda, 
Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, and Theodore J. 
Papenfuss, 233-256 
Evolution, 19-27, 114-129, 777-795 
cetacean, 808 
character, 617-627, 823 
chordate, 52-64 
covariotide, 225-232 


3 
| 
| 
i 
: 


858 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY | 


deuterostome, 52-64 
fungal, 278-305 
gene family, 183-201 
genome, 809 
Hennigian, 194, 196 
molecular, 183-201, 820 
morphological, 563-578 
urochordate, 52-64 
Evolution and phylogenetic information content of 
mitochondrial genomic structural features 
illustrated with acrodont lizards, J. Robert 
Macey, James A. Schulte, II, and Allan Larson, 
257-277 
Evolution of development, 28-51 
Evolutionary relationships among protozoa, 
G.H. Coombs, K. Vickerman, M.A. Sleigh, 
and A. Warren (eds.) (rev.), 614-616 
Exon shuffling, 183-201 


Fabaceae, 356 
Fabales, 327, 332, 344 
Fagaceae, 356 
Fagales, 327, 332, 344 
Fay, Michael F., see Savolainen, Vincent,— 
Felidae, 504 
Felis, 507 
silvestris, 504 
Feralia major, 205 
Ferungulata, 502, 505, 508, 511-512 
Filospermoidea, 541, 551, 561 
Fish, 185 
actinopterygian, 9, 12, 15 
Antarctic, 114-129 
cyprinid, 250 
galaxiid, 777 
teleost, 114 
Fisher’s likelihood principle, 817 
Fitch-Hartigan algorithm, 823 
Fitch parsimony, 340 
Flacourtiaceae, 341, 356 
Flammulina, 294 
velutipes, 303 
Flea, 227 
Floating head (flh), 13 
Floerkea proserpinicoides, 357 
Flores-Villela, Oscar, Karl M. Kjer, Miriam Benabib, 
and Jack W. Sites, Jr., Multiple data sets, 
congruence, and hypothesis testing for the 
phylogeny of basal groups of the lizard genus 


Sceloporus (Squamata, Phrysomatidae), 713-739 


Foreman, D.B., see Renner, $.S.,— 
Fossils, 65-86, 463-479 
Fouquieriaceae, 356 
Fourier harmonics, 799 
Francoa 

appendiculata, 356 

sonchifolia, 356 
Francoaceae, 356 
Frankeniaceae, 356 
Frankenia pulverulenta, 356 
Fringillidae, 504 


Frog, 833 
Fuchsia 
fe yrtandroides, 358 
procumbens, 358 
Functional constraints, 101-113 
Fungal evolution, 278-305 
Furcula cinerea, 204 
Fushi-tarazu, 43-44, 188 


Galaxias, 777-780, 783, 786-788, 790 
argenteus, 790, 795 
auratus, 781, 783, 787, 789, 790, 795 
brevipinnis, 780-781, 783, 789, 790-791, 795 
fasciatus, 790, 795 
fontanus, 781, 791, 795 
johnstoni, 781, 791, 795 
maculatus, 780-781, 783, 787-789, 791, 795 
neocaledonicus, 779 
olidus, 787-791, 795 
parvus, 787-791, 795 
paucispondylus, 795 
postvectis, 781, 790-791, 795 
tanycephalus, 781 
truttaceus, 781, 783, 787, 789-790, 795 
zebratus, 780-781, 783, 787-789, 791-792, 795 
Galaxiella, 777-778, 780, 783, 787-789, 791 
munda, 794 
nigrostriata, 794 
pusilla, 794 
Galaxiidae, 777-778, 783, 785-788 
Galaxiid fishes, 777 
Galaxiinae, 777-778, 785, 789 
Galaxiini, 777-779, 781, 787-788, 791 
Galaxioidea, 777-778, 787, 791 
Galbulimima belgraveana, 356 
Galgula partite, 205 
Galliformes, 504, 506-507 
Gallus, 502, 505, 508-510 
gallus, 504 
Ganoderma, 280 
australe, 305 
lucidum, 305 
Gap characters, 369-381 
Gap Excess Ratio (GER), 67-68, 76 
Gaps, 369-381 
Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic 
analyses, Mark P. Simmons and Helga 
Ochoterena, 369-381 
Garey, James R., see Swalla, Billie J.— 
Garryaceae, 356 
Garrya elliptica, 356 
Garryales, 334 
Gasteracantha, 440 
cancriformis, 456 
falcornis, 456 
kuhlii, 456 
mammosa, 456 
milvoides, 456 
sacerdotalis, 456 
unguifera, 456 
versicolor, 456 


vo. 


: 


2000 INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


859 


Gastropod, 413 
Gastropoda, 560, 746 


Gastrotricha, 540-542, 544-547, 551, 555-557, 561 


Gastroxya, 440 
schoutedeni, 456 


Gatesy, John, Linked branch support and tree stability, 


800-807 
Gatesy, John and Peter Arctander, Hidden 


morphological support for the phylogenetic 
placement of Pseudoryx nghetinhensis with 
bovine bovids: a combined analysis of gross 
anatomical evidence and DNA sequences from 


five genes, 515-538 
Gazella 
dorcas, 518 
granti, 518 
subgutturosa, 518 
thomsoni, 518 
Gea, 440, 442 
eff, 458 
heptagon, 458 
Geissolomataceae, 328 
Gekkonidae, 274 
Gekkonid lizards, 250 
Gekkoninae, 27 
Gelsemium, 104 
Gene family evolution, 183-201 
Gene organization, 257-277 
Generalized least-squares (GLS), 686, 688, 797 
Generalized resistance fit (GRF), 688, 691-695 
General-time-reversible model (GTR), 282, 583, 
595-596, 598, 601, 603, 605, 702, 705, 
722-723, 727, 782, 822 
Gene tree, 203, 219, 372, 422-434 
Genome evolution, 809 
Genomic DNA, 235, 594 
Genomics, 808-816 
Gentianales, 104, 334, 342 
Geocentrophora sp., 561 
Geographic variation, 400-421 
Geometric morphometrics, 563-578, 796-799 
Geraniaceae, 322, 356 
Geraniales, 322, 328, 332 
Geranium cinereum, 356 
Gerrhonotinae, 275 
Gerronema, 292 
sanguineum, 356 
strombodes, 302 
Gesneriaceae, 356 
Geum 
chiloense, 360 
sp., 360 
Giardia, 615 
Ginkgoaceae, 356 
Ginkgo biloba, 356 
Giraffa camelopardalis, 519 
Giribet, Gonzalo, Daniel L. Distel, Martin Polz, 
Wolfgang Sterrer, and Ward C. Wheeler, 
Triploblastic relationships with emphasis 
on the acoelomates and the position of 


Glaucidium palmatum, 359 
Gleditsia, 588 
Glenognatha, 440 

emertoni, 455 

foxi, 455 

heleios, 455 

maelfaiti, 455 
Glires. 512 
Globodera pallida, 562 
Globularia 

cordifolia, 361 

salicina, 361 
Gloiocephala, 293 

menieri, 303 
Glossiphonia sp., 560 
Glossobalanus minutus, 562 
Glottidia pyramidata, 556, 561 
Gluphisia septentrionis, 204 
Glycera americana, 56, 560 
Gnathifera, 542, 547, 554, 557 
Gnathostomaria lutheri, 541 
Gnathostomes, 480, 488 
Gnathostomula, 541-542, 548 

paradoxa, 541-542, 561 

sp., 544, 561 


Gnathostomulida, 540-542, 544-547, 551, 554-557, 561 


Gnetaceae, 356 
Gnetum gnemon, 356 
Gobionotothen 
acuta, 119, 122 
gibberifrons, 119, 122 


Goldman, Nick, Jon P. Anderson, and Allen G. Rodrigo, 


Likelihood-based tests of topologies in 
phylogenetics, 652-670 
Gomortega, 582, 585, 587 
keule, 580 
nitida, 580, 582, 584, 591 
Gomortegaceae, 580, 582, 586-587 
Gomortegoxylon, 587 
Gomphidiaceae, 279 
Gomphosus sp., 687 
Gondwana, 579-591, 777-795 
Gondwanan plates, 234-235, 237, 246, 248-250 
Gonocaryum litorale, 357 
Gonocephalus, 243, 248, 250 
grandis, 256 
Goodeyus, 7 
Goodman, Morris, see Miyamoto, Michael M.— 
Gordioida, 561 
Gordius aquaticus, 561 
Gorilla, 507 
gorilla, 504 
Gossypium, 588 
hirsutum, 356 
robinsoni, 357 
Goupiaceae, 356 
Goupia glabra, 356 


Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, 
and Chaetognatha: a combined approach 
of 18SrDNA sequences and morphology, 539-562 


f 
j 
| 


Grantham’s distance, 94 


Gray, Russell D., see Paterson, Adrian M..— 


Grewia occidentalis, 358 
Greyiaceae, 328 
Griselinia, 580 
Grossulariaceae, 356 
Grubbiaceae, 334 
Guaiacum sanctum, 362 
Gunnera, 341 

hamiltonii, 356 

manicata, 356 
Gunneraceae, 318, 321, 356 
Gymnodraco, 124 

acuticeps, 119, 122 
Gymnolaemata, 561 
Gymnosperms, 309, 481 
Gymnotiform, 783 
Gyrocarpus americana, 356 


Habitat shifts, 697-712 
Habronattus, 401-404, 406-407, 415-417 
agilis, 406 
altanus, 413 
cf. fallax, 406 
clypeatus, 406 
coecatus, 407 
conjunctus, 406 
oregonensis, 413 
pugillis Griswold, 401-404, 406, 408-409, 
411-413, 416-417 
ustulatus, 406 
virgulatus, 406 
viridipes, 407 
Hadamard spectra, 226-227 
Hadenina, 206 
Hadeninae, 218 
Hadenini, 206, 221 
Hagfish, 55 ( see also Petromyzon marinus) 
Halipeurus, 388-389, 392-393, 396 
consimilis, 387, 390-392, 396 
diversus, 387, 390, 392 
falsus pacificus, 387, 392, 395-396 
pelagicus, 387, 390, 392, 395-396 
spadix, 387-388, 390, 392 
Halocynthia roretzi, 54, 56, 60 
Haloragaceae, 356 
Haloragis 
aspera, 356 
serra, 356 
Hamamelidaceae, 322, 344, 356 
Hamamelis, 322 
mollis, 356 
virginiana, 356 
Haplocanthosaurus, 771, 773-774 
Haplognathia sp., 544, 548, 561 
Haptopodida, 614 
Harbor seal, 667 
Harpagifer antarcticus, 119, 122 
Harpagiferidae, 120, 126 
Harrisoniella, 389, 393, 396 
hopkinsi, 387 


SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 


N 


Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model, 145, 211, 227, 229, 282, 
504, 595, 722-723, 730, 782, 822, 835 
Hausdorf, Bernhard, Early evolution of the Bilateria, 
130-142 
Hebe, 580 
Hebeloma, 295 
crustiliniforme, 304 
Hebelomateae, 304 
Hedera helix, 353 
Hedycarya arborea, 358 
Hedyosmum arborescens, 355 
Heisteria parvifolia, 358 
Helianthemum grandiflorum, 355 
Heliocheilus albipunctella, 205 
Heliocoverpa zea, 205 
Heliothinae, 205-206, 218, 222 
Heliothis 
(Masalia) terracotoides, 205 
virescens, 205 
Helodermatidae, 275 
Helwingiaceae, 356 
Helwingia japonica, 356 
Hemichordates, 53, 56, 197, 546 
Hemitragus jemlahicus, 518 
Hennigian evolution, 194, 196 
Heptagenia, 641-642 
Herdmania curvata (momus), 56, 60 
Herennia, 440, 442 
ornatissima, 453 
Herminiinae, 204, 209, 217-218, 221 
Hernandiaceae, 356 
Heterocampinae, 204 
Heterodon platyrhinos, 562 
Heuchera 
micrantha, 360 
sanguinea, 360 
Heuristic analyses, 200 
Heuristic parsimony searches, 619 
Heuristic search, 171-179, 190, 236-237, 280, 287, 297, 
310, 596, 603, 676, 680, 683, 701-702, 705, 720, 723, 
729, 754, 759, 769, 824 
Hexagrammids, 12 
Hexapoda, 562 
Hidden morphological support for the phylogenetic 
placement of Pseudoryx nghetinhensis with bovine 
bovids: a combined analysis of gross anatomical 
evidence and DNA sequences from five genes, 
John Gatesy and Peter Arctander, 515-538 
Hidden support, 515-538 
Higher phylogeny, 278-305 
Himantandraceae, 356 
Hippocratea 
barbata, 354 
richardiana, 354 
Hippocrateaceae, 327 
Hippopotamidae, 805, 807 
Hippopotamus, 808 
amphibius, 807 
Hippotragini, 517-518, 521, 527, 529, 532, 534 
Hippotragus 
equinus, 518, 520-521 


i 
Bes 


INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


niger, 518 
Hirudo medicinalis, 560 
Histiodraco velifer, 119, 122, 125 
Histograms, 723, 730 
HKY85 model (see Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model) 
Hohenbuehelia, 293, 295 
sp., 303 
tristis, 303 
Holbrookia, 592-593, 605, 607-609 
lacerata lacerata, 594, 609 
subcaudalis, 594 
maculata bunkeri, 609 
. campi, 594, 609 
. elegans, 594, 609 
. flavilenta, 594, 609 
. maculata, 594, 609 
m. ruthveni, 594, 609 
. thermophila, 594, 609 
propinqua, 609 
Hollingsworth, Bradford D., see Wiens, John J.,— 
Holothuroidea, 32, 40, 562 
Homalorhagida, 561 
Homeobox gene, 28-51 
Hominidae, 504 
Homo, 131-133, 139, 507, 511 
sapiens, 55, 504 
Homobasidiomycete, 278-305 
Homology, 28-51, 473, 530, 546, 628, 631 
taxic, 480-500 
Homophoberia sp., 205 
Homoplastic characters, 109, 801-803 
Homoplasy, 65, 73, 107, 124, 183-184, 193, 196, 199, 259, 
269, 271, 273, 275, 338-339, 346, 372, 396, 400-421, 
423, 444, 522, 617-627, 707, 731, 799, 801-803, 
806, 811-812, 831 
Homoplasy Excess Ratio, 67 
Hoot, Sara B., see Savolainen, Vincent,— 
Hoplocercinae, 274 
Hormiga, Gustavo, Nikolaj Scharff, and Jonathan A. 
Coddington, Phylogenetic basis of sexual size 


dimorphism in orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, 
Orbiculariae), 435-462 

Host-parasite trees, 383, 389 
Host-switching, 383-399 
Houttuynia cordata, 360 
Hox, 137 

gene, 2, 9, 137 
Huaceae, 327-328, 356 
Human, 55, 667 (see also Homo sapiens) 
Humidicutis, 295 

marginata, 294, 302 
Humiria balsaminifera, 357 
Humiriaceae, 357 
Humulus lupulus, 354 
Huson, Daniel, see Steel, Mike, — 
Hybridization, 196, 198, 400-421, 422-434 
Hydnocarpus heterophylla, 356 
Hydrangeaceae, 162, 164, 168, 170, 357 
Hydrangea macrophylla, 357 
Hydrastis canadense, 359 


Hydrophyllum 
canadense, 354 
virginianum, 354 

Hydropotes inermis, 519 

Hydropus, 293 
scabripes, 303 

Hydrosaurinae, 249, 255, 274 

Hydrosaurus, 240, 246, 249-250, 259, 262 
amboinensis, 255 
pustulatus, 255 
sp., 255 

Hydrostachydaceae, 334 

Hydroxidaceae, 357 

Hygrocybe, 295 
citrinopallida, 302 

Hygrocybeae, 302 

Hygrophoraceae, 294-295, 302 

Hygrophoreae, 302 

Hygrophorus, 295 
bakerensis, 302 
sordidus, 302 

Hylobates, 507 
lar, 504 

Hylobatidae, 504 

Hymenanthera alpina, 362 

Hymenoptera, 746 

Hyomandibula, 480, 486 

Hypena scabra, 204 

Hypeninae, 204, 218, 221 

Hyphantria cunea, 204 

Hypholoma, 296 
sublateritium, 304 
subviride, 304 

Hypognatha, 440, 442, 444 
colosso, 456 
cryptocephala, 456 
deplanata, 456 
elaborata, 456 
lagoas, 456 
lamoka, 457 
matisia, 456 
mozamba, 456 
nasuta, 457 
navio, 457 
putumayo, 456 
scutata, 456 
testudinaria, 456 
viamao, 456 

Hypoprepia miniata, 204, 216 

Hypsilurus, 250 
dilophus, 255 

Hypsizygus ulmarius, 302 

Hypsoropha monilis, 204 

Hypsosinga, 440 
albovittata, 458 
groenlandica, 458 
heri, 459 
pygmaea, 458 
rubens, 459 
sanguinea, 458-459 


¥ 
861 KS 
{ 
| 


862 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 


singaeformis, 458 verticalis, 701, 712 
variabilis, 459 Isopoda, 746 
Hyracoidea, 501 Isoptera, 746 
Isoxya, 440 
Icacinaceae, 357 tabulata, 456 
Idia aemula, 204 Is there a justification for differential a priori weighting 
Idiospermum, 588 in coding sequences? A case study from rbcL and 
australiense, 354 Apocynaceae s.]., Bengt Sennblad and Birgitta 
Idria columnaria, 356 Bremer, 101-113 
Iguana, 144, 148, 150-153, 155-157, 597 Itea virginica, 357 
delicatissima, 145 Ixioliriaceae, 357 
Iguania, 233-256, 275 Ixiolirion tataricum, 357 
Iguanidae, 143-159, 233, 235, 255, 274 Ixodes hexagonus, 88-90, 93, 95 
Iguanid lizards, 143-144, 150, 152, 155, 250, 265 
Iguaninae, 27 Jackknife, 160-171, 172, 281, 286, 297-298, 307, 804, 825, 
Iguanini, 144, 148, 150-151 829-831 
Ilex crenata, 353 Jack-o-lantern mushroom, 294 (see also Omphalotus 
Illiciaceae, 313, 340, 357 olearius) 
Illicitum parviflorum, 357 Japalura, 242 
Impatiens flaviceps, 243, 256 
capensis, 354 splendida, 243, 256 
repens, 354 tricarinata, 241, 255 
Implied Gap (IG) metric, 66-68, 76 variegata, 241, 255 
Improved bootstrap confidence limits in large-scale Jasminum 
phylogenies, with an example from Neo- polyanthum, 358 
Astragalus (Leguminosae), Michael J. Sanderson suavisimum, 358 
and Martin F. Wojciechowski, 671-685 Johnson, Jacqui, see Moncalvo, Jean-Marc,— 
Inarticulata, 561 JTT transition model, 607 
Incertae sedis, 536 Juglandaceae, 357 
Incongruence, 183-201, 208 Jukes—Cantor model, 145, 282, 289, 427, 432, 595, 667, 
Indel coding, 369-381 722, 782, 822 
Indel-rich region, 628-651 Juncaceae, 357 
Indels, 369-381, 629-630, 632, 721, 782 Juncus effusus, 357 
Independent genes, 202-224 Jurassic period, 87, 233, 587, 763, 
Indonotothenia cyanobrancha, 119-120, 122, 126 late, 770 
Inocybe, 295 
geophylla, 30 Kaira, 440, 442, 444-445 
sp., 304 alba, 459 
Inocybeae, 304 cobimcha, 459 
Insect 16S mtrDNA, 628-651 echinus, 459 
Insecta: Lepidoptera, 203 gibberosa, 459 
Insect fossils, Carboniferous, 21 hiteae, 459 
Insertions, 369-381 Kalanchoe daigremontana, 355 
Integrating ambiguously aligned regions of DNA K-alternative model, 673-675, 680 
sequences in phylogenetic analyses Kamptozoa, 542, 546 
without violating positional homology, Kedrostis nana, 355 
Francois Lutzoni, Peter Wagner, and Valérie Kendall’s space shape, 568, 686, 688 
Reeb, 628-651 Kendall tangent space, 744 
Intron, 628-651 Kibara sp., 358 
Kim, Jungyong, see Sanderson, Michael J,— 
Ipomoea mauritiana, 355 Kimura two-parameter model, 145, 282, 427, 584-585, 
Irvingia malayana, 361 595, 623, 676, 782, 822 
Iteaceae, 357 Kimura 3ST model, 228-229 
Invariable site models and their use in phylogeny Kinorhyncha, 540, 544-547, 550-551, 555, 561 
reconstruction, Mike Steel, Daniel Kishino-Hasegawa test, 131, 133, 135, 145-146, 209, 
Huson, and Peter J. Lockhart, 225-232 214, 220, 282, 290, 292, 388, 390, 395, 505, 508, 603, 
Invariable sites, 225-232 652-670, 723, 728, 730, 732, 783, 785-786, 829-836 
Ipheion dialystemon, 353 Kjer, Karl M., see Flores-Villela, Oscar— 
Ipomoea coccinea, 355 Knema latericia, 358 
Ischura, 701, 705 Knirps, 186 
posita, 699-701 Kobus, 527, 534 
ramburii, 699-700 ellipsiprymnus, 517-518, 521 


‘ 


2000 INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


kob, 518, 521 himalayana, 243, 256 
leche, 518 lehmanni, 243, 256 
megaceros, 518 microlepis, 243, 256 
vardoni, 519 nupta, 243-244, 248, 256 
Koelreuteria paniculata, 360 sacra, 243-244, 248, 256 
K parameters, 820 stellio, 243-244, 256, 259 
Krameria stoliczkana, 243, 256 
ixine, 357 tuberculata, 243-244, 248, 256 
lanceolata, 357 Lauraceae, 357 
Krameriaceae, 328, 342, 345, 357 Laurales, 313-314, 340, 582, 586-588 
Kuehneromyces mutabilis, 304 Laurelia, 580-581, 586-587 
novae-zelandiae, 579-581, 584-587 
Laccaria, 293 philippiana, 579, 581 
bicolor, 302 sempervirens, 579-581, 583, 585-586, 591 
Laccariinae, 302 Laurelieae, 586 
Lacertidae, 274 Laureliopsis, 581, 584-587 
Lacewing, 227 guinazui, 581 
Lacinipolia renigera, 206 philippiana, 579, 581, 586, 591 
Lacrymaria velutina, 304 serrata, 581 
Lactarius, 290 Laurus nobilis, 357 
corrugis, 305 Lavandula 
piperatus, 305 angustifolia, 357 
volemus, 305 bipinnata, 357 
Lactoridaceae, 344 Lecithoepitheliata, 561 
Lactoris fernandeziana, 353 Lecythidaceae, 357 
Lagenophora, 588 Leea guineensis, 362 
Lagomorpha, 502, 504, 506-508 Lee, Michael S.Y., Tree robustness and clade significance, 
Lama guanicoe, 807 829-836 
Lambertia inermis, 359 Leguminosae, 671 
Lamiaceae, 357 Leiolepidinae, 249, 255, 274 
Lamiales, 334, 342 Leiolepis, 239-240, 246-247, 249-250, 259-260 
Lampetra aepyptera, 562 belliana, 255 


Lanice conchilega, 560 guentherpetersi, 


Lapageria rosea, 359 Lentibulariaceae, 
Lapparentosaurus, 771-774 Lentineae, 302 
Lardizibalaceae, 357 Lentinula, 292-293 
Large data sets, 160-171, 171-179 edodes, 302 
Large molecular data sets, 306-362 Lepidogalaxias, 777-779, 781, 783, 785-787, 791 
Large-scale molecular phylogeny, 278-305 salamandroides, 777, 795 
Large-scale phylogenies, 628-651 Lepidogalaxiidae, 777-778 
Larinia, 440 Lepidomermella, 548 
ambo, 459 squammata, 561 
argiopiformis, 459 Lepidonotothen 
bivittata, 459 nudifrons, 119-120, 122, 126-127 
borealis, 459 squamifrons, 119, 122 , 126-127 
chloris, 459 Lepidopleurus cajetanus, 560 
directa, 459 Lepidosauria, 562 
famulatoria, 459 Lepidurus packardi, 562 
lineata, 459 Lepiota, 293 
montecarlo, 459 acutesquamosa, 304 
phthisica, 459 clypeolaria, 304 
t-notata, 459 cristata, 304 
tucuman, 459 Lepioteae, 304 
Larson, Allan, see Macey, J. Robert,— Lepisma sp., 562 
Larus dominicanus, 386-387, 391 Leporidae, 504 
Larvae, 746 : Leptotyphlopidae, 273-274 
Larvaceans, 52-64 Leucauge, 440 
Latimeria chalumnae, 562 argentina, 455 
Latrodectus, 442 argyra, 454 
Laudakia, 243, 250, 259 blanda, 455 
caucasia, 243, 256 decorata, 454-455 
erythrogastra, 243, 256 fastigata, 455 


; 
4 
| 


864 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY _ 


magnifica, 455 
russellsmithi, 454 
subblanda, 455 
venusta, 455 
Leucoagaricus 
naucinus, 303 
rubrotinctus, 303 
Leucocoprinaeae, 303 
Leucocoprinus 
cepaestipes, 303 
fragilissimus, 303 
Leuc onyc ta diptheroides, 205 
Leuconyctini, 205 
Leucopaxilleae, 293, 303 
Leucopaxillus, 293 
albissimus, 303 
Levipedes, 293 
Lialis jicari, 275 
Lice, 383-399 
Lichenopora sp., 561 
Likelihood, 143-159 
Likelihood-based tests of topologies in phylogenetics, 
Nick Goldman, Jon P. Anderson, and Allen G. 
Rodrigo, 652-670 
Likelihood ratio test, 579-591, 596, 782 
Likelihood tree, 723 
Lilaceae, 357 
Limacella, 294, 296 
glishra, 303 
Limeum sp., 358 
Limnanthaceae, 357 
Limulus polyphemus, 87-100, 562 
Linaceae, 357 
Lineus sp., 560 
Lingula lingua, 556, 561 
Linked branch support and tree stability, 
John Gatesy, 800-807 
Linum perenne, 357 
Linyphia, 440 
alpicola, 455 
hortensis, 455 
maura, 455 
tenuipalpis, 455 
triangularis, 455 
Linyphiidae, 448 
Liphistius bicoloripes, 562 
Liquidambar 


formosana, 35 


3 
3 


styraciflua, 35 
Liriodendron tulpifera, 357 
Lithacodia musta, 204 
Lithobius variegatus, 562 
Lithophane hemina, 206 
Lithosiinae, 204 
Littorina obtusata, 560 
Lizards, 260, 831 
acrodont, 234-235, 249, 251, 259, 261-263 
anguid, 252 
gekkonid, 250 
iguanian, 233, 273-275 
iguanid, 143-144, 150, 152, 155, 250, 265 
phrynosomatid, 624 


sand, 592-612 

varanid, 252 
Lloydia serotina, 357 
Loasaceae, 334 
Lobatocerebromorpha, 545 
Lobatostoma manteri, 561 
Lobelia 

angulata, 354 

erinus, 354 
Lobopoda, 546 
Lockhart, Peter J., see Steel, Mike,— 
Loganiaceae, 357 
LogDet, 54, 208-209, 225-232, 282, 504 
Lomatia, 580 
Long-braich: attraction, 110, 143-159, 196, 226, 296, 313, 


642, 732 
Long-branch repulsion, 152 
Lépez, J. Andrés, see Waters, Jonathan M.,— 
Lophiiformes, 435 
Lophognathus longirostris, 255 
Lophophorates, 52 
Lophoptera sp., 204 
Lophospirid gastropod, 71, 83 
Lophotrochoza, 540 
Lophozoa, 540 
Loricifera, 540, 544-547 
Lovettia, 778-779, 781, 785-788, 790-791 
sealii, 777, 795 
Lowe, Christopher J., see Wray, Gregory A.— 
Lumbricus rubellus, 560 
Lutzoni, Francois, Peter Wagner, and Valérie Reeb, 
Integrating ambiguously aligned regions of DNA 
sequences in phylogenetic analyses without 
violating positional homology, 628-651 
Lutzoni, Francois M., see Moncalvo, Jean-Marc,— 
Lycodichthys dearborni, 117, 119 
Lycopersicon esculentum, 361 
Lymantria dispar, 204 
Lymantiiidae, 203-204, 206, 209, 217, 219, 221-222 
Lymantriini, 204 
Lyophylleae, 293, 302 
Lyophyllum, 293 
atratum, 302 
decastes, 302 
semitale, 302 
Lyriocephalus, 243 
scutatus, 256 
Lysoptychus, 714, 716, 727, 729-730, 732 
Lythraceae, 357 


Mabry, Michelle L., see Mort, Mark E..— 

Macey, J. Robert, James A. Schulte, II, and Allan Larson, 
Evolution and phylogenetic information content 
of mitochondrial genomic structural features 
illustrated with acrodont lizards, 257-277 

Macey, J. Robert, James A. Schulte, II, Allan Larson, 
Natalia B. Ananjeva, Yuezhao Wang, Rohan 
Pethiyagoda,Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, and 
Theodore J. Papenfuss, Evaluating trans-Tethys 
migration: an example using acrodont lizard 
phylogenetics, 233-256 

Macracantha, 440 


vou. 49 - 
2 
xf 
? 


2000 


INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


865 


arcuata, 456 
Macrobiotus hufelandi, 562 
Macrocybe, 293-294 
gigantea, 302 
Macrolepiota 
procera, 304 
rachodes, 304 
Macroscelidea, 501 
Macrostomida, 561 
Macrostomum, 551 
tuba, 561 
Maddison, Wayne and Michelle McMahon, Divergence 
and reticulation among montane populations of 
a jumping spider (Habronattus pugillis Griswold), 
400-421 
Madogqua kirki, 518 
Maesa myrsinoides, 358 
Magnoliaceae, 357 
Magnoliales, 313-314, 339-340 
Magnolia tripetala, 357 
Magnoliid I, 340 
Magnoliid II, 340-341 
Malacostraca, 22, 562 
Malawisaurus, 771 
Malpighiaceae, 357 
Malpighia coccigera, 357 
Malpighiales, 327, 332, 341, 345 
Malvaceae, 357-358 
Malvales, 327, 332 
Mamenchisaurus, 770 
Manduca sexta, 207 
Mangora, 440 
acalypha, 460 
calcarifera, 460 
fascialata, 460 
gibberosa, 460 
maculata, 460 
passiva, 460 
placida, 460 
spiculata, 460 
Manilkara zapota, 360 
Mantis religiosa, 390 
Marasmiaceae, 293 
Marasmieae, 293, 303 
Marasmiellus ramealis, 303 
Marasmius, 293 
capillaries, 303 
delectans, 303 
pyrrocephalus, 293, 303 
Marcato, Stefania, see Bargelloni, Luca,— 
Marcgraviaceae, 358 
Marcgravia rectiflora, 358 
Markov model, 227, 825 
Marmota, 507, 511 
monax, 504 
Mascarenhasia, 107 
Mastophora, 440 
archeri, 457 
bisaccata, 457 
cornigera, 457 
hutchinsoni, 457 
Maxillopoda, 562 


Maximum likelihood, 96, 107, 110, 117, 131, 133, 135-136, 
138-139, 145, 148, 150, 152-155, 208-209, 214, 
227, 229-230, 279, 288, 388-389, 432, 501-514, 
579-591, 592-612, 619-620, 623, 625, 629, 633, 649, 
652-670, 701, 705, 707, 713-739, 782-783, 785-788, 
817-828, 829 
Maximum parsimony, 117, 131, 133, 208, 279, 363, 365, 
632, 642, 645, 701, 782-783, 785-787,814, 818, 
822-824, 826 
May, Michael L., see Brown, Jonathan M.,— 
McMahon, Michelle, see Maddison, Wayne — 
McPeek, Mark A., see Brown, Jonathan M.,— 
Meal worm, 56 (see also Tenebrio molitor) 
Meara, 550, 554, 556 
stichopi, 544, 554, 561 
Measamphagrion, 699 
Mecynogea, 440, 442, 444 
apatzingan, 457 
bigibba, 457 
erythromela, 457 
lemniscata, 457 
ocosingo, 457 
Medusagynaceae, 358 
Medusagyne oppositifolia, 358 
Megacarpaea polyandra, 354 
Megachiroptera, 501, 511 
Megadyptes antipodes, 387, 391 
Meganola sp., 204 
Melainthaceae, 328 
Melanosuchus, 642 
niger, 643 
Melanthiaceae, 358 
Melastomataceae, 358 
Meliaceae, 358 
Melianthaceae, 358 
Melianthus major, 358 
Meloid, 226-227, 229-230 
Membranipora, 550 
sp., 561 
Menispermaceae, 358 
Menispermum canadense, 358 
Menyanthaceae, 358 
Menyanthes trifoliata, 358 
Merostomes, 613 
Mesocastrada, 554 
sp., 561 
Mesolimulus walchi, 87 
Mesonychians, 808 
Mesoproterozoic period, 139 
Mesorhabditis sp. PS1179, 7 
Meta, 440 
bourneti, 454 
dolloff, 454 
manchurica, 454 
menardi, 454 
nigridorsalis, 454 
ovalis, 454 
Metachromadora sp., 561 
Metasequoia glyptostroboides, 361 
Metazoa, 28-51, 135-136, 185, 189, 539-562 
Metazygia, 440 
bahama, 461 


866 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 49 
benella, 461 Mitchell, Andrew, Charles Mitter, and Jerome C. Regier, 
castaneoscutata, 461 More taxa or more characters revisited: 
chicanna, 461 combining data from nuclear protein-encoding 
crabroniphila, 461 genes for phylogenetic analyses of Noctuoidea 
dubia, 461 (Insecta:Lepidoptera), 202-224 
genialis, 461 Mitochondrial DNA, 233-256, 257-277, 502, 511, 
gregalis, 461 516-517, 592-612, 620, 625, 697-712, 714, 720-721, 
incerta, 461 723, 725, 731-732, 805, 811-812 
keyserlingi, 461 Mitochondrial genomes, 221, 239-240, 273, 276, 341, 
lagiana, 461 603, 618 
laticeps, 461 Mitochondrial phylogeny of notothenioids: a molecular 
nigrocincta, 461 approach to Antarctic fish evolution and 
pallidula, 461 biogeography, Luca Bargelloni, Stefania 
sendero, 461 Marcato, Lorenzo Zane, and Tomaso Patarnello, 
voluptifica, 461 114-129 
wittfeldae, 461 Mitter, Charles, see Mitchell, Andrew,— 
yobena, 461 Miyamoto, Michael M., Calvin A. Porter, and Morris 
zilloides, 461 Goodman, c-Myc gene sequences and 

Metellina, 440 the phylogeny of bats and other eutherian 
curtisi, 454 mammals, 501-514 
mengei, 454 Miyata’s distance, 94 
mimetoides, 454 Models 
segmentata, 454 Brownian motion, 445 

Metepeira, 440 general-time-reversible (GTR), 282, 583, 595-596, 598, 
arizonica, 459 601, 603, 605, 702, 705, 722-723, 727, 782, 822 
comanche, 459 Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano (HKY85), 145, 211, 227, 229, 
crassipes, 459 282, 504, 595, 722-723, 730, 782, 822, 835 
datona, 459 JTT transition, 607 
foxi, 459 Jukes—Cantor, 145, 282, 427, 432, 595, 667, 722, 782, 822 
gosoga, 459 K-alternative, 673-675, 680 
grandiosa, 459 Kimura two-parameter, 145, 282, 427, 5884-585, 595, 
labyrinthea, 459 623, 676, 782, 822 
minima, 459 Kimura 3ST, 228-229 
ventura, 459 Markov, 227, 825 

Metrosideros nervulosa, 358 point mutation, 200 

Micrathena, 440, 442, 444 Poisson, 194 
acuta, 457 substitution, 87-100, 596 
brevispina, 457 Model selection, 817-828 
clypeata, 457 Molecular 
furcula, 457 characters, 815 
guerini, 457 clock, 121, 124-125,130-142, 173, 389, 425, 428, 431, 
lepidoptera, 457 579-591, 777-795 
militaris, 457 evolution, 183-201, 595, 820 
saccata, 457 phylogenetics, 87-100 
schreibersi, 457 phylogenies, 628-651 
spinosa, 457 phylogeny, 130-142 
triangularis, 457 systematics, 369-381, 697-712 
triangularispinosa, 457 Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Galaxiid 

Microchiroptera, 501, 511 fishes (Osteichthyes: Galaxiidae): Dispersal, 

Micromphale perforans, 303 vicariance, and the position of Lepidogalaxias 

Microseris, 588 salamandroides, Jonathan M. Waters, J. Andrés 

Microstomum, 551 Lépez, and Graham P. Wallis, 777-795 
lineare, 561 Mole rate, 752 (see also Spalax ehrenbergi) 

Milinkovitch, Michel C., see Shedlock, Andrew M.,— Molgula 

Milnesium tardigradum, 562 bleizi, 55 

Minimum evolution citrina, 55 
analysis, 107-108, 110 complanata, 55 
tree, 107 manhattensis, 55 

Minimum-length tree, 801, 806 occidentalis, 55 

Miocene period, 122, 516, 733, 788, 790 occulta, 55 
early, 581, 587 oculata, 55 
mid, 587 provisionalis, 55 
upper, 581 socialis, 55 


» 
i 


2000 


INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


tectiformis, 55 

Molgulidae, 53, 55-56, 60-61 

Molluginaceae, 322, 358 

Mollusca, 540, 544-546, 551, 555-556, 560 

Moloch horridus, 255 

Molossidae, 504 

Moncalvo, Jean-Marc, Francois M. Lutzoni, Stephen 
A. Rehner, Jacqui Johnson, and Rytas Vilgalys, 
Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based 
on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA 
sequences, 278-305 

Moniliformis moniliformis, 561 

Monimiaceae, 358, 562 

Monocelis lineata, 561 

Monocotyledons, 313, 340 

Monogononta, 551, 561 


Monteiro, Leandro Rabello, see Duarte, Luiza Carla,— 
Monteiro, Leandro R., Why morphometrics is special: 
The problem with using partial warps as 

characters for phylogenetic inference, 796-799 
Moraceae, 358 
More taxa or more characters revisited: combining 
data from nuclear protein-encoding genes for 
phylogenetic analyses of Noctuoidea (Insecta: 
Lepidoptera), Andrew Mitchell, Charles Mitter, 
and Jerome C. Regier, 202-224 
Morphological 
characters, 116, 124, 130, 148, 370, 402, 815 
evolution, 563-578 
tree, 550 
Morphology, 151, 539-562 
Morphometrics, 686, 740-753 
Mort, Mark E., Pamela S. Soltis, Douglas E. Soltis, 
and Michelle L. Mabry, Comparison of three 
methods for estimating internal support on 
phylogenetic trees, 160-171 
Morton, Cynthia M., see Savolainen, Vincent,— 
Morus 
alba, 358 
nigra, 358 
Moschidae, 520 
Moschus, 520 
moschiferus, 519 
Most-parsimonious phylogeny, 190, 193 
Most-parsimonious reconstruction, 619 
Most-parsimonious trees, 104, 118, 171, 184, 189, 193, 
209, 236-237, 240, 243, 246, 248, 259, 281, 287, 
309, 347, 372, 411, 414, 472, 496, 583, 624, 630, 638, 
641-643, 645, 647, 674, 676, 681, 683, 702-703, 705, 
707, 754-763, 765, 769, 801, 830-832, 834 
Mostuea, 104 
Mouse, 667 
mtDNA, 114-129, 700, 702-703, 777-795 
(see also mitochondrial DNA) 
Muehlenbeckia, 580 
Multiple data sets, congruence, and hypothesis testing 
for the phylogenv -f basal groups of the lizard 
genus Sceloporus quamata, Phrysomatidae), 
Oscar Flores-Villela, Karl M. Kjer, Miriam 
Benabib, and Jack W. Sites, Jr., 713-739 


Multiple sequence alignment, 628-651 
Multistate characters, 387, 716 
Multivariate data analysis, 752, 796 
Multivariate regression analysis, 750 
Muntiacine cervids, 515 
Muntiacus, 520 
muntjak, 519, 521 
Muntingia calabura, 358 
Muntingiaceae, 358 
Muridae, 504 
Murray, D., see Renner, S. S.— 
Mus, 131-133, 139, 507, 511 
musculus, 29, 47, 187, 504 
musculus domesticus, 740-753 
Mycena, 292-294 
clavicularis, 303 
galericulata, 303 
rutilanthiformis, 303 
Myceneae, 293, 303 
Myomorpha, 511 
Myriapoda, 22, 562 
Myricaceae, 358 
Myrica cerifera, 358 
Myriophyllum exalbescens, 356 
Myristicaceae, 358 
Myristica fragans, 358 
Myrothamnaceae, 318, 321, 358 
Myrothamnus, 341 
flabellifolius, 358 
Myrsinaceae, 358 
Myrtaceae, 358 
Myrtales, 327, 332, 341-342 
Mysmenidae, 437 
Mysticeti, 629 
Mytilus edulis, 389 
Myzostomida, 545 


Nandina domestica, 354 
Napoleonaea vogelii, 357 
ND1, 204, 236, 273, 275, 7. 
ND2, 236, 239, 259, 275, 7. 
ND4, 144, 147-148, 150-1 
717, 720-725, 730 
nDNA, 502, 511 
Nearest-neighbor-interchange (NNI), 172-178, 209, 214, 
288, 309 

Nebalia sp., 562 
Nedra, 221 

ramulosa, 205 
Nelumbo, 341, 345 

lutea, 358 
Nelumbonaceae, 321, 358 
Nelumbonideae, 345 
Nemathelminthes, 546-547, 557 
Nematoda, 45, 130-142, 540, 544-547, 551, 556, 561 
Nematode, 134, 136-138, 185, 188, 389 

xenopus, 3-18 
Nematoida, 547, 550, 557 
Nematomorpha, 134, 540, 544-547, 551, 561 
Nematozoa, 547, 557 
Nemegtosaurus, 772 


32 


51, 153-154, 156-157, 257, 715, 


Mo 
{ 
| 


868 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 


Nemertea, 540, 544-546, 551, 556, 560 
Nemertina, 546 
Nemertini, 547 
Nemertinoides, 550, 554, 556 

elongatus, 554, 557, 561 
Nemertodermatida, 540-546, 550-551, 555-557, 561 
Nemerotodoma bathycola, 543 
Nemopanthus mucronatus, 353 
Nemorhaedus goral, 518 
Nemuaron, 580, 584-587 

vieillardii, 579-580, 587, 591 
Neo-Astragalus, 671-672, 676-677, 680-681, 683 
Neochanna, 777-779, 783, 787-789, 791 

burrowsius, 789, 794 

cleaveri, 789, 791, 794 

diversus, 789, 794 
Neodermata, 542 
Neoechinorhynchus pseudemydis, 561 
Nec »gea, 440 

nocticolor, 458 
Neoophora, 551 
Neoproterozoic period, 138-139 
Neosauropoda, 771 
Neoscona, 440 

adianta, 459 

alberti, 459 

arabesca, 459 

blondeli, 459 

chiarinii, 459 

crucifera, 459 

doenitzii, 460 

domiciliorum, 459 

fuscocolorata, 460 

hentzii, 459 

kisangani, 459 

marcanoi, 459 

mellotteei, 460 

moreli, 459 

nautica, 459-460 

neotheis, 459 

orizabemsis, 460 

oxacensis, 459 

pratensis, 459 

quincasea, 459 

rufofemorata, 460 

scylla, 460 

scylloides, 460 

subfusca, 459 

subpullata, 460 

theisi, 459-460 

utahana, 460 
Neotragini, 518, 529 
Neotrichozoa, 557 
Nepenthaceae, 322, 342, 358 
Nepenthes alata, 358 
Nephila, 435, 440, 442, 445-448 

antipodiana, 453 

clavata, 453 

clavipes, 446, 453 

edulis, 453 

inaurata, 446 


ornata, 453 

pilipes, 435, 453-454 

senegalensis, 453-454 

sexpunctata, 453 
Nephilengys, 440, 442 

borbonica, 453 

cruentata, 453 

malabarensis, 453 
Nephrops norvegicus, 542 
Nephtys hombergti, 56 
Nereis virens, 560 
Nerice bidentata, 204 
Nesiotinus demersus, 397 
Nesogalaxias, 777-779, 783, 787-790 

neocaledonicus, 783, 790, 795 
Nesticus, 440 

archeri, 456 

barri, 456 

barrowsi, 456 

brimleyi, 456 

carolinensis, 456 

carteri, 456 

cellulanus, 456 

cooperi, 456 

georgia, 456 

holsingeri, 456 

jonesi, 456 

mimus, 456 

paynei, 456 

recluses, 456 

silvestrii, 456 

sheari, 456 

stupkai, 456 

tennesseensis, 456 
Neural crest, 3-18 


New method to localize and test the significance of 


incongruence: detecting domain shuffling in 
the nuclear receptor superfamily, Joseph W. 
Thornton and Rob DeSalle, 183-201 
Nicotiana tabacum, 361 
Noctuidae, 202-224 
Noctuina, 206 
Noctuinae s.1., 205, 218, 221-222 
Noctuini s.]., 206, 221 
Noctuoidea, 202-224 
Nolinae, 204, 210, 217, 219 
Nolini, 204 
Nomocharis pardanthina, 357 
Nonparametric bootstrapping, 145-146, 829-836 
Nonparametric likelihood ratio tests, 652 
Non-protein-coding DNA sequences, 628-651 
No-swap bootstrapping, 172-175 
No tail (ntl), 13 
Nothofagaceae, 579 
Nothofagus, 579-580, 587, 788 
alpina, 57 
dombeyi, 579 
cunninghamii, 579 
obliqua, 579 
Nothopanus, 292 
eugrammus, 294, 302 


i 
4 
“4 


2000 INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


Notodontidae s.1., 203-204 
Notodontinae, 204, 209-210, 216-217 
Notothenia, 120 

coriiceps, 119, 122 

rossii, 119, 122 
Nototheniidae, 116, 119- 
Nototheniinae, 119, 122, 
Notothenioidei, 114 
Notothenioids, 114-116, 119-120, 122, 124-127 
Novumbra, 782, 787 

hubbsi, 795 
nrDNA, 372, 423, 629, 647 
Nubbin (pdm1), 22 
Nuclear receptors, 183-201 
Nuctenea, 440 

cornuta, 462 

ixobola, 462 

patagiata, 462 

sclopetaria, 462 

silvicultrix, 462 

umbratica, 462 
nuDNA, 805 
Nyctaginaceae, 322, 342, 358 
Nymphaeaceae, 313, 340, 358 
Nymphaea odorata, 358 
Nyssa 

ogeche, 355 


121, 124-125 
125 


sylvatica, 355 
Nystaleinae, 204 


Obturata, 560 
Oceanites oceanicus, 395 
Ochetostoma erythrogrammon, 560 
Ochnaceae, 358 
Ochna 
multiflora, 358 
serrulata, 358 
Ochoterena, Helga, see Simmons, Mark P..— 
Ochroma pyramidale, 358 
Ochrosia, 107 
Ockham’s razor, 817 
Odonata, 697-712 
Odontodes aleuca, 204 
Odontostomum hartwegii, 361 
Ogliocene period, 587 
late, 581, 587 
lower, 581 
mid, 788 
Oikopleura 
dioica, 55 
species 1, 55, 562 
species 2,55, 562 
Okada, Norihiro, see Shedlock, Andrew M.,— 
Olacaceae, 358 
Oleaceae, 334, 358 
Oligochaeta, 746 
Olmstead, Richard G., see DeBry, Ronald W.— 
Omeisaurus, 769-770 
Omphalina, 293, 295 
ericetorum, 302 


luteovitellina, 302 
pyxidata, 302 
rosella, 302 
velutina, 302 
velutipes, 302 
Omphalinae, 302 
Omphalotus, 292-294 
nidiformis, 304 
olearius, 294 
Onagraceae, 358 
Oncidium excavatum, 358 


Oncocnemidinae, 205-206, 218, 222 


Oncocnemis obscurata, 205 
Oncorhynchus, 782 
mykiss, 795 
Oncotheca, 334 
balansae, 358 
Oncothecaceae, 358 
One-eyed-pinhead (oep), 13 


Onychophora, 45, 389, 544-547, 550- 


Ophioplocus japonicus, 56 
Ophiuroidea, 562 
Opiliaceae, 358 
Opilia sp., 358 
Opiliones, 613 
Opisthocoelicaudia, 772, 775 
Opisthopora, 560 
Oplurinae, 274 
Oplurus, 239 
cuvieri, 235, 255 
Opossum, 619, 667 
Optimal tree, 388, 605, 721, 723 
Orbiculariae, 435-462 
Orchidaceae, 358 
Ordovician, 83 
Oreamnos americanus, 518 
Organismal phylogeny, 143 
Orgyia leucostigma, 204 
Orgytini, 204 
Orphiuroidea, 32 
Orthodes crenulata, 206 
Orthoptera, 43, 746 
Oryx 
dammah 
gazella callotis, 518, 521 
gazella gazella, 517-518, 521 
leucoryx, 518 
Oryza sativa, 359 
Ossicaulis, 293 
lignatilis, 293, 302 
Otocryptis, 242-243, 259 
wiegmanni, 255 
Ourebia ourebi, 518 
Ovibos moschatus, 518 
Ovibovini, 518, 529 
Ovis, 507 
aries, 504, 518, 807 
canadensis, 518 
dalli, 518, 807 
orientalis, 518 


| 
{ 
¥ 
_ 


870_ 


Ovophis, 276 
okinavensis, 269, 276 

Oxalidaceae, 359 

Oxalidales, 327, 332 


Oxytropis campestris, 677 


Pachycara brachycephalum, 117, 119 
Pachygnatha, 440 
autumnalis, 455 


brevis, 455 

clercki, 455 

degeeri, 455 

dorothea, 455 

furcillata, 455 

listeri, 455 
Pachyophiids, 831 
Pachypodium, 107 
Pachysandra procumbens, 354 
Pacifastacus leniusculus, 22 


Paectes pygmaea, 204 


Paenungulata, 501 
Paeonia 


mlokosewitschi, 359 

tenuifolia, 359 
Paeoniaceae, 322, 341, 359 
Pagetopsis macropterus, 119, 122 
Pagothenia borchgrevinki, 116, 119, 122-124 
Palaeoacanthocephala, 561 


Paleocene period, 581 
Paleodictyoptera, 21 
Paleosuchus 
palpebrosus, 643 
trigonatus, 643 
Paleozoic period, 80, 472 


Palpigradi, 613 
Palthis angulalis, 204 
507, 511 
troglodytes, 504 
Panaeolina, 295 
foensecii, 304 
Panaeoloideae, 295, 304 
Panaeolus, 295 
acuminatus, 304 
Panagrolaimidae, 6, 8 


Panarthropods, 556 

Panelleae, 303 

Panellus, 294 

Panthea furcilla, 205 

Pantheinae, 205, 214 

Pantholops, 515, 524, 527, 529 
hodgsoni, 518 

Panus, 294 

Papaipema sp., 206 

Papaveraceae, 359 


Parachaenichthys charcoti, 119, 122 
Paraclisis, 389 


julianus, 789-790, 795 
mesotes, 789-790, 794 


and Jonhyong Kim, 817-828 
Parareptilia, 775 


Papenfuss, Theodore J., see Macey, J. Robert,— 


Paragalaxias, 777-778, 780, 783, 787-788, 790-791 


Parametric Phylogenetics?, Michael J. Sanderson 


SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 


Parasites, 615, 748 
Paraspadella gotoi, 562 


Parnassiaceae, 327-328, 359 
Parnassia 
fimbriata, 359 
palustris, 359 
Parsimonious trees, 71-73, 83, 283, 405, 680 
Parsimony, 65-86, 88, 110, 143-159, 171-179, 216, 225, 
227, 231, 240, 269, 281, 283, 297, 338-339, 347, 404, 
435-462, 463-479, 483-484, 491, 521, 603, 608, 
672, 674, 676, 695, 713-739, 754-776, 799-800, 
805-806, 817-818, 820, 824, 826, 835 
analysis, 104, 107-108, 148, 160, 171, 186, 209, 217, 
346, 411, 498, 547, 584, 593, 601, 603, 608-609, 
617, 618, 624-625, 635, 796-798, 829, 831, 834 
Fitch, 340 
maximum, 117, 131, 133, 208, 279, 363, 365, 632, 642, 
645, 701, 782-783, 785-787, 814, 818, 822-824, 826 
squared-change, 444-445 
tree, 107, 110, 229, 474 
Wagner, 439, 444 
weighted, 617-627, 713-739 
Parsimony-informative 
characters, 104-105, 156, 211, 411, 629, 639, 642, 
702-703, 805 
sites, 723 
substitutions, 104-105, 108-109 
Partial least squares, 740-753 
Partial warps, 686-696, 740, 744, 749, 796-799 
Pasilobus, 440 
sp. P-New Guinea, 457 
Passer domesticus, 395 
Passeriformes, 504, 506-507 
Passifloraceae, 359 
Passiflora 
coccinea, 359 
quadrangalis, 359 
Patagonothen tessellata, 116, 119-120, 122, 124-127 
Patagosaurus, 770-771 
Patarnello, Tomaso, see Bargelloni, Luca,— 
Paterson, Adrian M., Graham P. Wallis, Lise J. Wallis, 
and Russell D. Gray, Seabird and louse 
coevolution: complex histories revealed by 
12S rRNA sequences and reconciliation analyses, 
383-399 
Paxillaceae, 305 
Pearson product-moment correlation, 690 
Pedicellina cernua, 561 
Pelagization, 116, 124 
Pelagodroma marina, 387, 391, 396 
Pelargonium cotyledonis, 356 
Pelea, 529 
capreolus, 519 
Pelecanoides urinatrix, 387, 391 
Pelegrina, 413 
Pelonaia corrugata, 55 
Peltoboykinia tellimoides, 360 
Pentastomida, 546 
Penthoraceae, 359 
Penthorum sedoides, 359 
Peperomia obtusifolia, 359 
Perciform taxa, 116 


/ 
= VOL. 49 
me 
: Par 547, 555, 557 : 
4 
| 
| 


2000 


INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 871 


Peripatopsis capensis, 562 
Periods 
cambrian, 138, 140, 192 
carboniferous, 614 
cretaceous, 80, 580, 587, 763, 770, 788 
eocene, 587 
jurassic, 87, 233, 587, 763, 770 
mesoproterozoic, 139 
miocene, 122, 516, 581, 587, 733, 788, 790 
neoproterozoic, 138-139 
ogliocene, 581, 587, 788 
paleocene, 581 
paleozoic, 80, 472 
permian, 80 
pleistocene, 581, 587, 790 
pliocene, 122, 126, 581, 587, 790 
precambrian, 140 
proterozoic, 137-138, 140 
tertiary, 581, 587, 614 
triassic, 75 
vendian, 137, 140 
Perissodactyla, 502, 512, 807 
Permian 
Ephemeropteran, 21 
period, 80 
Perophora japonicus, 54-55 
Perophoridae, 55 
Persea americana, 357 
Perviata, 560 
Pethiyagoda, Rohan, see Macey, J. Robert — 
Petrels, 392, 395, 397 
procellariid, 396 
pterodromid, 392 
Petromyzon marinus, 55 
Petrosaurus, 714-715, 717, 720, 732 
mearnsi, 738 
Picramniaceae, 328, 345 
Phaeotellus griseopallidus, 302 
Phaleria 
capitata, 361 
chermsideana, 361 
Phalerinae, 204 
Phascolosomida, 560 
Phasianidae, 504 
Phellinaceae, 359 
Phelline comosa, 359 
Phenotypic characters, 401 
Phidippus tyrrellii, 413 
Philesiaceae, 359 
Philoceanus robertsi, 395 
Philodina acuticornis, 561 
Phlebobranch, 53, 56, 61 
Phlebobranchiata, 61 
Pholidota, 512 
Pholiota, 296 
squarrosoides, 304 
Pholiotideae, 296 
Pholiotoideae, 304 
Phonognatha, 440, 444-445 
graeffei, 453 
melania, 453 


Phoronis 
architecta, 556, 561 
australis, 556, 561 
vancouverensis, 556 


ecco 


Phragmophora, 562 
Phrynocephalus, 243, 259 
interscapularis, 256 
mystaceus, 243, 256 
raddei, 243, 256 
Phrynosomatidae, 274, 592-612, 714 
Phrynosomatid lizards, 624 
Phrynostoma 
hernandesi, 594, 599 
platyrhinos, 594 
Phuwiangosaurus, 771-772, 775 
Phylactolaemata, 561 
Phyletic bifurcation, 69-72 
Phyllodocida, 560 
Phylloporus, 292 
rhodoxanthus, 305 
Phyllotopsis, 292-293, 295 
nidulans, 302 
Phylogenetic analysis, 117-118, 137, 189, 221, 236, 252, 
259, 269, 309, 369-371, 403, 411, 422, 534, 595, 
617, 623-625, 628, 630-632, 636, 642-643, 647-649, 
672, 716, 720, 796, 799-801 
Phylogenetic basis of sexual size dimorphism in 
orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae), 
Gustavo Hormiga, Nikolaj Scharff, and Jonathan 
A. Coddington, 435-462 
Phylogenetic characters, 372, 617, 625 
Phylogenetic completeness, 72 
Phylogenetic perspective on habitat shifts and 
diversity in the North American ENALLAGMA 

damselflies, Jonathan M. Brown, Mark A. 

McPeek, and Michael L. May, 697-712 
Phylogenetic relationship among horseshoe crab 
species: effect of substitution models on 

phylogenetic analyses, Xuhua Xia, 87-100 
Phylogenetic relationships among the phrynosomatid 

sand lizards inferred by mitochondrial DNA 

sequences generated by heterogeneous 
evolutionary processes, James Wilgenbusch 

and Kevin de Queiroz, 592-612 
Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on 

nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences, 

Jean-Marc Moncalvo, Francois M. Lutzoni, 

Stephen A. Rehner, Jacqui Johnson, and Rytas 

Vilgalys, 278-305 
Phylogenetics, 233-256, 257-277, 817-828 
Phylogenetics of flowering plants based on combined 

analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL gene sequences, 

Vincent Savolainen, Mark W. Chase, Sara B. Hoot, 

Cynthia M. Morton, Douglas E. Soltis, Clemens 

Bayer, Michael F. Fay, Anette Y. de Bruijn, 

Stuart Sullivan, and Yin-Long Qiu, 306-362 
Phylogenetic tree, 89, 116, 122, 124, 160, 230, 236, 274, 
363-364, 366-368, 422, 441, 465, 587, 618, 680, 695, 
782, 797, 829 


: 
Phoronida, 540, 544-556, 551, 556, 561 
Phoronozoa, 546, 555-557 
re 
j 


872 an SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 


Phylogeny, 114-129, 160-171, 194, 202-203, 219, 226, Platyzoa, 539-562 
346, 363-368, 384, 400-421, 422-434, 464, 469, Plectus aquatilis, 561 
501-514, 539-562, 579-591, 592-612, 613-615, Pleea tenuifolia, 361 
652-670, 713-739, 754-776, 777-795, 812, Pleistocene period, 790 
815, 821, 831 early, 581, 587 
higher, 278-305 Plethodon, 740-753 
large-scale, 628-651 cinereus, 744, 746 
molecular, 130-142, 628-651 hoffmani, 744, 746 
most-parsimonious, 190, 193 Pleuragramma antarcticum, 116, 119-120, 122-124 
organismal, 143 Pleuragramminae, 119, 122, 126 
urochordate, 52-64 Pleurocybella, 293 
Phylogeny reconstruction, 671-685 porrigens, 303 
Physenaceae, 322 Pleurogona, 55-56, 59-61 
Physeteroidea, 629 Pleurotaceae, 295 
Physignathus, 250 Pleurotopsis, 295 
cocincinus, 239-240, 246-247, 249-251, 255, 259, longiqua, 293, 303 
262, 265, 275-276 Pleurotus, 292-295 
lesueurii, 255 djamor, 302 
Phytolacca ostreatus, 302 
americana, 359 purpureoolivaceus, 302 
dioica, 359 Pliocene period, 122, 126, 790 
Phytolaccaceae, 322, 342, 359 late, 581, 587 
Picramniaceae, 342, 359 Plumatella repens, 561 
Picramnia pentandra, 359 Plumbaginaceae, 322, 338, 342, 359 
Pimoa, 439, 440 Plumbago 
altioculata, 455 capensis, 359 
breuili, 455 zeylanica, 359 
cthulhu, 455 Plumeria 
curvata, 455 inodora, 353 
hespera, 455 obtuse, 353 
rupicola, 455 Plusiinae, 204, 206, 210, 217, 219-220, 222 
Pinaceae, 359 Pluteaceae, 294, 303 
Pinocchio effect, 687, 694-695 Pluteus, 293 
Pinus thunbergiana, 359 petasatus, 303 
Piperaceae, 359 primus, 303 
Piperales, 313-314, 340 sp., 303 
Piper betle, 359 Poaceae, 359 
Pipidae, 11 Podabrella microcarpa, 302 
Pistacia vera, 353 Podocarpaceae, 359 
Pisum sativum, 356 Podocarpus, 579-580, 587 
Pittosporaceae, 359 gracilior, 359 
Pittosporum milanjianus, 359 
fairchildii, 359 Podura aquatica, 562 
japonicum, 359 Pogona, 241 
Placode, 3-18 barbata, 255 
Placospermum coriaceum, 359 Pogonophora, 540, 545-546, 551, 
Plagiomimicus olvello, 205 Pogonophoron worms, 52 
Plagiopteron suaveolens, 354 Pogonophryne, 126 
Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus, 561 scotti, 119, 122, 125 
Planchonella pohlmanniana, 360 Point mutation model, 200 
Planktotrophy, 62 Poisson distribution, 96-97, 744 
Planocera multitentaculata, 561 Poisson model, 194 
Plasmodium, 615 Poisson substitution, 821 
Platanaceae, 321-322, 359 Polemoniaceae, 359 
Platanus, 341, 345 Polistes, 227 
occidentalis, 359 Polyandrocarpa misakiensis, 54-55 
Plate tectonics, 233-256 Polycarpa pomaria, 55 
Plathelminthes, 540-547, 551, 554-557, 561 Polychaeta, 541, 545, 560 
Plathelminthomorpha, 540-542, 547, 550, 554, 557 Polychaete worm, 56 (see also Nephtys hombergii) 
Platyhelminthes, 130-142, 199 Polychrotinae, 274 
Platytheca verticellata, 361 Polycladida, 551, 556, 561 


== 
i 


2000, __INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


Polydesmus coriaceus, 562 
Polygalaceae, 359 
Polygala cruciata, 359 
Polygonaceae, 322, 342, 359 
Polygonum sachalinense, 359 
Polygrammate hebraeicum, 205 
Polyodon spathula, 562 
Polyplacophora, 560 
Polyporaceae, 292, 302 
Polyporus, 292 
Polz, Martin, see Giribet, Gonzalo,— 
Poncirus trifoliata, 360 
Pongo, 507 

pygmaeus, 504 
Porocephalus crotali, 562 
Porpoises, 808 
Porter, Calvin A., see Miyamoto, Michael M..— 
Portulacaceae, 342 
Pouteria 

eerwah, 360 

macrantha, 360 
Praesagittifera, 555 
Precambrian period, 140 
Priapula, 546 
Priapulida, 540, 544-545, 550-551, 555-556, 561 
Priapulus caudatus, 561 
Primates, 501-502, 504-508, 511 
Primulaceae, 359 
Principle components analysis, 686-696 
Pristionchus, 7 
Proboscidea, 501 
Procapra picticaudata, 518 
Procellaria, 392 

westlandica, 287, 390-391 
Procellariid petrels, 396 
Procellariiformes, 383-399 
Procrustes 

aligned specimens, 740 

distances, 798 

method, 567-568 

residuals, 686 
Prodeniini, 205 
Prolecitophora, 561 
Pronous, 440 

beatus, 460 

felipe, 460 

golfito, 460 

intus, 460 

pance, 460 

peje, 460 

quintana, 460 

shanus, 460 

tuberculifer, 460 

valle, 460 

wixoides, 460 
Proseriata, 561 
Prosothecata, 560 
Prostanthera 

ovalifolia, 357 

rotundifolia, 357 
Prostoma eilhardi, 560 


Proteaceae, 321-322, 341, 345, 359, 580 
Proteales, 318, 321, 341 
Protein structure, 101-113 
Proterozoic period, 137-138, 140 
Protodonata, 21 
Protonephridia, 542 
Protorthoptera, 21 
Protosolpuga carbonaria, 614 
Protostome, 198 
Protostomia, 136, 544 
Prototroctes, 778 
Protozoa, 614, 616 
Protula sp., 560 
Psaphida resumens, 205 
Psaphidinae, 205-206, 214, 217, 219, 221 
Psathyrella 

candolleana, 304 

delineata, 304 

gracilis, 304 
Psathyrelloideae, 304 
Pseudaletia unipuncta, 206 
Pseudaphritis urvilii, 120-121, 124 
Pseudocalotes, 243 

brevipes, 256 

flavigula, 256 

floweri, 256 
Pseudohiatuleae, 293, 303 
Pseudois nayaur, 518 
Pseudonovibos, 515 
Pseudoryx, 515-538 

nghetinhensis, 515, 517, 519-520, 536 
Pseudoscorpiones, 613 
Pseudotrapelus, 243-244, 259 

sinaitus, 256 
Psilocybe 

silvatica, 304 

stuntzii, 304 
Psilodraco, 124 
Psolus chitonoides, 40, 44 
Psychomorpha epimenis, 205 
Psychropotes longicauda, 562 
Ptaeroxylon obliquum, 360 
Pterobranchia, 545 
Pterocarya fraxinifolia, 357 
Pterodroma, 397 

inexpectata, 387, 390-391, 393, 396 
Pterodromid petrels, 392 
Pteropodidae, 504 
Pteropus, 507 

hypomelanus, 502, 504 
Pterostemonaceae, 359 
Pterostemon rotundifolius, 359 
Puffinus 

griseus, 387, 390-391, 395 

huttoni, 387, 391, 393 
Punica 

granatum, 357 

protopunica, 357 
Punzo, Fred (rev.), Biology of Camel-spiders, 613-614 
Purines, 600 
Pycnogonida, 562, 613 


$ 
873 
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{ 
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874 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 49 


Pycnophyes kielensis, 561 fringe, 45—46 
Pygopodidae, 274 hedgehog, 32, 45-46 
Pyrenacantha malvifolia, 357 Hox-3, 32-33, 35, 42 
Pyrimidines, 600 Hox-7,3 
Pyrosoma atlanticum, 55 MEF-2, 32 
Py rosomids, 52-53, 55-56, 58 myo-D, 34 
Pyrrhia exprimens, 205 not, 32, 43 
Pyura mirabilis, 54, 56, 60 Notch, 32, 42 
Pyuridae, 53, 55, 60 orthodenticle, 32, 34-35, 39-41, 44 
runt, 32 
Qiu, Yin-Long, see Savolainen, Vincent,— serrate, 45 
Quadrifine Noctuidae, 204 Sex-lethal, 45 
Quaesitosaurus, 772 
Qualea sp., 362 SUM-1, 34, 37 
Quality of the fossil record and the accuracy of twist, 32-33, 37 
phylogenetic inferences about sampling wingless, 34 
and diversity, Peter J. Wagner, 65-86 Wht-7, 32 
Quantification of homoplasy for nucleotide transitions Rehner, Stephen A., see Moncalvo, Jean-Marc,— 
and transversions and a re-examination of Reinwardtia indica, 357 
assumptions in weighted phylogenetic analysis, | Relative Completeness Index (RCI), 67-68, 76, 79, 83 
Richard E. Broughton, Scott E. Stanley, and Relative rate test, 383-399 
Richard T. Durrett, 617-627 Relative warps analysis, 686-696 
Quantitative characters, 796-799 RELL, 87-100, 657-658, 663, 668 
Quisqualis indica, 355 Renner, S.S., D.B. Foreman, and D. Murray, Timing 
transantarctic disjunctions in the 
Rana, 11 Atherospermataceae (Laurales): evidence 
Rankinia, 241 from coding and noncoding chloroplast 
adelaidensis, 255 sequences, 579-591 
Ranunculaceae, 321-322, 359 Replication, 257-277 
Ranunculales, 318, 321, 341, 344 Reptilia, 233-256, 257-277 
Raphia abrupta, 205, 214, 216 Rescaled consistency index, 101-113 
Rhaphicerus Reseda alba, 359 
campestris, 518 Resedaceae, 359 
melanotis, 518 Resinomycena, 293 
Raphiinae, 205 acadiensis, 303 
Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, see Macey, J. Robert — Resistant fit, 686-696 
Rat, 55 (see also Rattus norvegicus) Resupinateae, 303 
Rattlesnake, 733 (see also Crotalus atrox) Resupinatus, 293, 295 
Rattus, 511 alboniger, 303 
norvegicus sp., 303 
Rauvolfia, 107 Retropinna, 778, 781 
rbcL, 101-102, 104, 109, 111-112, 162, 164, 170, tasmanica, 795 
306-362, 824 Retropinnidae, 778 
substitution rates, 579-591 Retroposon, 808-816 
Reconciliation analysis, 383-399 Rhabditida, 562 
Reduced cladistic consensus (RCC) method, 755, Rhabditidae, 6, 8 
758, 760, 762, 769-775 Rhabditids, 7 
Redunca 
arundinum, 519 Rhabditophoran, 135, 137-138, 140 
fulvorufula, 519 turbellarian, 134 
redunca, 519 Rhabdocoela, 554, 561 
Reduncini, 517-518, 521, 529 Rhabdodendraceae, 342, 360 
Reeb, Valérie, see Lutzoni, Frangois,— Rhabdodendron amazonicum, 360 
Regier, Jerome C., see Mitchell, Andrew,— Rhabdus rectius, 560 
Regulatory gene, 28-51 Rhamnaceae, 343, 360 
Brachyury, 32, 34-35, 42-43 Rhamnus cathartica, 360 
B-catenin, 32 Rheum 
distal-less, 32, 35, 40-41, 43, 45-47 pinchonii, 359 
engrailed, 29, 32-34, 37-39 X cultorum, 359 
even-skipped, 39, 43 Rhinoceros unicornis, 807 
ets-4, 32 Rhinocheilus lecontei, 733 
FGF receptor, 32 Rhipsalis teres, 354 
forkhead, 32 Rhizophoraeae, 360 


| 
| 


INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


Rhodohypoxis milloides, 357 
Rhodotaceae, 293 
Rhodoteae, 293, 303 
Rhodotus 
palmatus, 303 
Rhus vernix, 353 
Rhynchobdellida, 560 
Ribes 
aureum, 356 
speciosum, 356 
Ribosomal RNA, 114-129, 279, 293 
Ribosomal RNA genes, 628-651 
Ribosomal trees, 615 
Ricinulei, 613 
Rickenella, 293 
mellea, 302 
pseudogrisella, 302 
spp., 292 
Ridgeia piscesae, 560 
Rinorea 
bengalensis, 362 
crenata, 362 
Ripartitella, 296 
brasiliensis, 304 
Rodentia, 504-508, 511-512 
Rodrigo, Allen G., see Goldman, Nick,— 


Rohlf, F. James and Marco Corti, Use of two-block 


partial least-squares to study covariation 
in shape, 740-753 

Rosaceae, 360 
Rosales, 327, 332, 341, 343-344 
Rotifera, 540-542, 544-547, 554, 55 
Roupala macrophylla, 359 
Rourea minor, 355 
Rousseaceae, 360 
Roussea simplex, 360 
Rubiaceae, 360 
Rubia tinctorum, 360 
Rupicapra rupicapra, 518 
Rupicaprini, 518, 527, 529 
Russula, 290 

earlei, 305 

mairei, 305 

romagnesii, 305 

corrugis, 305 
Russulaceae, 290-291, 305 
Russulineae, 290, 305 
Rutaceae, 360 
Ruta graveolens, 360 


Sabella pavonina, 560 
Sabellida, 560 
Sabiaceae, 318, 321, 360 
Sabia 

sp., 360 

swinhoei, 360 
Saccaromyces, 131-133, 135, 137-138 
Saccoglossus kowalevskii, 562 
Saemundssonia, 389 

lari, 387-388, 391 
Sagitta elegans, 562 
Saiga, 529 

tatarica, 519 


Saintpaulia ionantha, 356 
Salacia pallescens, 355 
Salamander, 9, 11 
Salea, 243 
horsfieldii, 256 
Salicaceae, 360 
Salix reticulata, 360 
Salmo, 782 
salar, 795 
Salmonids, 782, 787 
Salpida, 55 
Salps, 52-53, 56, 58 
Saltasaurus, 772, 775 
Salticidae, 400-421 
Salvelinus, 782 
leucomaenis, 795 
Sambucus 
nigra, 353 
racemosa, 353 
Sand dollars, 32 (see also Echinoidea) 
Sanderson, Michael J. and Jonhyong Kim, Parametric 
Phylogenetics?, 817-828 
Sanderson, Michael J. and Martin F. Wojciechowski, 
Improved bootstrap confidence limits in 
large-scale phylogenies, with an example 
from Neo-Astragalus (Leguminosae), 671-685 
Sand lizards, 592-612 
Sang, Tao and Yang Zhong, Testing hybridization 
hypotheses based on incongruent gene trees, 
422-434 
Santalaceae, 360 
Santalales, 318, 341-343, 345, 347 
Santalum album, 360 
Saola, 515-538 
Sapindaceae, 360 
Sapindales, 327, 332 
Sapotaceae, 360 
Saprophytes, 278 
Saracandra grandiflora, 355 
Sarcolaenaeaceae, 360 
Sarcolaena sp., 360 
Sardinops, 789 
Sarraceniaceae, 360 
Sarracenia flava, 360 
Sarrothripini, 204 
Saruma henryi, 353 
Sator, 714-717, 720, 723, 725, 
angustus, 716, 727, 73 
grandaevus, 727, 733, 
Sauria, 233-256 
Sauromalus, 144, 146, 148, 150-152, 155-157 
ater, 147 
obesus, 147 
Sauropoda, 754-776 
Saururaceae, 360 
Saururus 
cernuus, 360 
chinensis, 360 
Savolainen, Vincent, Mark W. Chase, Sara B. Hoot, 
Cynthia M. Morton, Douglas E. Soltis, Clemens 
Bayer, Michael F. Fay, Anette Y. de Bruijn, Stuart 
Sullivan, and Yin-Long Qiu, Phylogenetics of 
flowering plants based on combined analysis 


727-730, 732-733 
-733 738-739 
5, 738-739 


73 


i 
| 
| 


of plastid atpB and rbcL gene sequences, 
306-362 
Sawfly, 227 
Saxifragaceae s.s., 162, 166-168, 170, 360 
Saxifraga 
integrifolia, 360 
retusa, 360 
Saxifragales, 318, 322, 341-345, 347 
Scalidophora, 547, 557 
Scandentia, 502, 504, 506-508 
Scaphinotus petersi, 413 
Scaphopoda, 560 
Sceloporus, 713-739 
carinatus, 727, 737 
chrysostictus, 725, 737 
clarki, 737 
couchii, 725, 737 
formosus, 737 
gadoviae, 737 
graciosus, 733 
grammicus, 737 
heterolepis, 737 
jalapae, 727, 738 
jarrovii, 594, 738 
maculosus, 738 
magister, 738 
megalepidurus, 738 
merriami, 715-716, 723, 727, 729-730, 732-733, 738 
nelsoni, 727, 733, 738 
ochoterenae, 727, 738-739 
olivaceus, 738 
orcutti, 733 
parvus, 725, 738-739 
pictus, 738-739 
poinsetti, 738 
pyrocephalus, 727, 733, 738-739 
scalaris, 727, 732, 738-739 
siniferus, 716, 727, 729-730, 738-739 
spinosus, 738-739 
squamosus, 727, 738-739 
subpictus, 738-739 
utiformis, 716, 725, 727, 729-730, 732-733, 738-739 
variabilis, 715, 725, 727, 738-739 
Scharff, Nikolaj, see Hormiga, Gustavo,— 
Schima superba, 361 
Schinia arcigera, 205 
Schinus molle, 353 
Schisandraceae, 313, 340, 360 
Schisandra sphenanthera, 360 
Schistoc erca, 43, 642 
Schistosoma, 131-133, 135 
mansoni, 561 
Schizomida, 613 
Schlumbergera truncata, 354 
Schrophulariaceae, 361 
Schulte, James A. II, see Macey, J. Robert — 
Schumacheria sp., 355 
Scincidae, 275 
Sciuridae, 504 
Sciuromorpha, 511 
Scoloderus, 440 
cordatus, 458 


SYSTEMATICBIOLOGY 


gibber, 458 
nigriceps, 458 
tuberculifer, 458 
Scorpiones, 613 
Scorpionfly, 227 
Scotland, Robert W., Taxic homology and three-taxon 
statement analysis, 480-500 
Scutopus ventrolineatus, 560 
Seabird and louse coevolution: complex histories 
revealed by 12S rRNA sequences and 
reconciliation analyses, Adrian M. Paterson, 
Graham P. Wallis, Lise J. Wallis, and Russell 
D. Gray, 383-399 
Seabirds, 383-399 
Sea squirts, 52 (see also ascidians) 
Seastars, 32 (see also Asteriodea) 
Sea urchins, 9, 29, 42 (see also Echinodermata) 
Secondary structure, 777-795 
Sedum 
nudum, 355 
rubrotinctum, 355 
Seison, 547 
Semistrict consensus tree, 104 
Senecioneae, 588 
Sennblad, Bengt and Birgitta Bremer, Is there 
a justification for differential a priori 
weighting in coding sequences? A case 
study from rbcL and Apocynaceae s.l., 
101-113 
Sensitivity analysis, 547 
Sensu lato, 615 
Sensu strictu, 21 
Sequence alignment, 369-381 
Serinus, 504-508, 510 
canaria, 504 
Serpentes, 275 
Sexual selection, 400-421 
Sexual size dimorphism, 435-462 
Shape, 686-696 
Shearwaters, 392, 395 
Shedlock, Andrew M., Michel C. Milinkovitch, and 
Norihiro Okada, SINE evolution, missing data, 
and the origin of whales, 808-816 
Shimodaira—Hasegawa test, 652-670 
Shinisauridae, 275 
Short gastrulation (sog), 23 
Shunosaurus, 769-770 
Siboglinum fiordicum, 560 
Sidor, Christian A., see Wagner, Peter J..— 
Signor—Lipps 
effect, 68, 80 
extension, 78, 81 
Silene 
gallica, 354 
nutans, 354 
Simaroubaceae, 361 
Simarouba glauca, 361 
Simmondsiaceae, 342, 361 
Simmondsia chinensis, 361 
Simmons, Mark P. and Helga Ochoterena, Gaps as 
characters in sequence-based phylogenetic 
analyses, 369-381 


4 
\ 


2000 


INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


Simple but fundamental limitations of supertree and 
consensus tree methods, Mike Steel, Andreas 
W.M. Dress, and Sebastian Bécker, 363-368 
Simulation, 686-696 
Simulations, 65-86, 171-179, 463-479 
Simulation study of reduced tree-search effort in 
bootstrap resampling analysis, Ronald W. 
DeBry and Richard G. Olmstead, 171-179 
Simultaneous analysis tree, 194, 196 
SINE, 808-816 
SINE evolution, missing data, and the origin of 
whales, Andrew M. Shedlock, Michel C. 
Milinkovitch, and Norihiro Okada, 808-816 
Singa, 440 
eugeni, 459 
hamata, 459 
keyserlingi, 459 
neta, 459 
Single univariate characters, 796 
Siparunaceae, 582 
Siphonaria pectinata, 560 
Sipuncula, 540, 544-546, 551, 556, 560 
Sipunculida, 560 
Sirenia, 501 
Sitana, 242-243, 259 
ponticeriana, 239, 255, 259 
Sites free to vary, 225-232 
Sites, Jack W., Jr., see Flores-Villela, Oscar,— 
Sloanea 
berteriana, 356 
latifolia, 356 
Solanaceae, 361 
Solanales, 334 
Solanum nodiflorum, 361 
Solemya velum, 560 
Solifugae, 613 
Soltis, Douglas E., see Mort, Mark E..— 
Soltis, Douglas E., see Savolainen, Vincent, — 
Soltis, Pamela S., see Mort, Mark E.,— 
Sonorella, 413 
Sophora 
davidii, 356 
toromiro, 356 
Sorting events, 383-399 
SOWH-test, 656, 662, 665-669 
Spadetail (spd), 13 
Spalax ehrenbergi, 752 
Spathiphyllum wallisii, 353 
Spearman’s rank correlation metric (SRC), 464466, 
471, 474, 477 
Spearman’s rank test, 832-833, 835 
Speciation, 400-421 
Species diversity, 697-712 
Species richness, 671-685 
Species tree, 422-434 
Sphaeradenia pendula, 355 
Sphenisciformes, 383-399 
Spiders, 400-421, 435-462 
Spinacia oleracea, 353 
Spionida, 560 


Spiralia, 136, 557 
Spirea 
betulifolia, 360 
vanhouttei, 360 
Spirurida, 562 
Split Decomposition, 226 
Spodoptera, 203, 209, 214 
exigua, 205 
frugiperda, 203, 205, 219 
ornithogalli, 203, 205, 219 
Spragueia leo, 204 
Squamate reptiles, 265, 275 
Squamates, 144 
Squamosus, 749 
Squared-change parsimony, 444-445 
Squilla empusa, 562 
Stability, 800-807 
Stachyuraceae, 328, 361 
Stachyurus praecox, 361 
Stackhousiaceae, 327-328, 361 
Stackhousia minima, 361 
Standard cladistic analysis (SCA), 480-484, 
487-489, 492-496, 498-499 
Stanleya pinnata, 354 
Stanley, Scott E., see Broughton, Richard E.,— 
Stapes, 480 
Staphyleaceae, 328, 361 
Staphylea trifoliata, 361 
Star tree, 365 
Statistical tests, 652-670 
Steatoda, 440 
albomaculata, 455 
americana, 455 
bipunctata, 455 
grossa, 456 
nigrofemorata, 455 
phalerata, 455 
quadrimaculata, 455 
Steel, Mike, Andreas W.M. Dress, and Sebastian 
Bécker, Simple but fundamental limitations 
of supertree and consensus tree methods, 
363-368 
Steel, Mike, Daniel Huson, and Peter J. Lockhart, 
Invariable site models and their use 
in phylogeny reconstruction, 225-232 
Stemonaceae, 361 
Stemona japonica, 361 
Stenolaemata, 561 
Stenostomum 
leucops, 561 
sp., 561 
Sterculia 
apetala, 358 
tragacantha, 358 
Sterrer, Wolfgang, see Giribet, Gonzalo,— 
Stichopus japonicus, 562 
Stictopterinae, 203-204, 206, 217 
Stiriinae, 205, 217, 219, 221 
Stokellia, 778 
Stolidobranch, 61 


877 
Ves. 
= ; 


SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY _ 


Stolidobranchiata, 55, 60 
Stratigraphic consistency, 463-479 
Strepsiptera, 226-230 
Streptocarpus holstii, 256 
Streptothamnus, 342 
Strict component consensus (SCC) tree, 755-756, 
762-763, 765, 769-772 
Strict consensus tree, 209, 492 
Striipedes, 293 
Strobilurus trullisatus, 303 
Stromatolites, 140 
Strongylocentrotus 
droebachiensis, 40 
purpuratus, 33, 40 
Stropharia, 296 
rugosoannulata, 304 
Strophariaceae, 296, 304 
Stropharioideae, 304 
Strychnos nux-vonica, 357 
Stuartia pseudocamellia, 361 
Sturgeon, 9 (see also actinopterygian fish) 
Styela 
clava, 55 
plicata, 55, 562 
Styelidae, 53, 55-56, 60 
Styracaceae, 361 
Styrax 
americana, 361 
japonica, 361 
Suboptimal tree, 170, 672 
Substitution model, 87-100 
Successive weighting analysis, 104 
Suidae, 504, 805, 807 
Suillus, 292, 296 
luteus, 305 
Sullivan, Stuart, see Savolainen, Vincent,— 
Superimposition, 686-696 
Supertree methods, 363-368 
Support, 754-776 
Sus, 507 
bucculentus, 515 
scrofa, 504, 807 
Swalla, Billie J. and Andrés Collazo, Systematics 
and the evolution of developmental patterns, 
1-2 
Swalla, Billie J., Chris B. Cameron, Laura S. Corley, 
and James R. Garey, Urochordates are 


monophyletic within the deuterostomes, 52-64 


Swietenia macrophylla, 358 
Sylvicapra grimmia, 519 
Sylvilagus floridanus, 502, 504 
Symbion, 542, 548, 551 
pandora, 542, 545, 561 
Symmerista albifrons, 204 
Symphytognathidae, 437 
Symplegma reptans, 54-55 
Symplocaceae, 361 
Symplocos paniculata, 361 
Symplocus costata, 361 
Synapomorphy, 24, 30, 534 
Syncerus, 524, 527, 528, 534, 536 
caffer, 518 


Syndermata, 540-542, 544-557, 550-551, 554, § 

Synotaxidae, 437 

Systematics, 

Systematics and the evolution of developmental 
patterns, Billie J. Swalla and Andrés 
Collazo, 1-2 


Taccaceae, 361 
Tacca chantrieri, 361 
Tachypleus 
gigas, 87-100 
tridentatus, 87-100 
Taczanowskia striata, 462 
Tadarida brasiliensis, 502, 504 
Tamaricaceae, 327 
Tapirus indicus, 807 
Tarachidia, 507 
candefacta, 204 
Tardigrada, 545-547, 550-551, 562 
Tasmannia 
insipida, 362 
lanceolata, 362 
Taurotragus oryx, 517-518, 521 
Taxaceae, 361 
Taxic homology, 480-500 
Taxic homology and three-taxon statement 
analysis, Robert W. Scotland, 480-500 
Taxism, 19-27 
Taxodiaceae, 361 
Taxon sampling, 65-86, 202-224, 296, 298, 313, 
545, 582, 593, 615, 671-685, 775, 808, 814 
Taxus 
baccata, 361 
media, 361 
Tecophilaeaceae, 361 
Tecophilaea cyanocrocus, 361 
Teiidae, 274 
Telebasis byersi, 699-700 
Teleost fish, 114 
Templeton test, 145-146, 641, 645, 783, 786, 829-836 
Tenebrio, 226-227, 229-230 
molitor, 56 
Teratorhabditis palmarum, 7 
Terebellida, 560 
Terebratalia transversa, 556, 561 
Termitomyces, 294 
cylindricus, 302 
heimii, 302 
Termitomyceteae, 293, 302 
Ternstroemiaceae, 361 
Ternstroemia stahlii, 361 
Tertiary period, 587 
early, 587 
late, 614 
lower, 581 
mid, 581 
Testing hybridization hypotheses based on 
incongruent gene trees, Tao Sang and 
Yang Zhong, 422-434 
Testudines, 562 
Tetracentron sinensis, 361 
Tetracera asiatica, 355 


id 
| 
4 
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INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


Tetragnatha, 440 
branda, 455 
caudate, 455 
caudicula, 455 
dearmata, 455 
earmra, 455 
elongata, 455 
extensa, 455 
guatemalensis, 455 
josephi, 455 
laboriosa, 455 
madibulata, 455 
montana, 455 
nigrita, 455 
nitens, 455 
obtusa, 455 
pallescens, 455 
pinicola, 455 
praedonia, 455 
shoshone, 455 
vermiformis, 455 
versicolor, 455 
viridis, 455 
Tetragnathidae, 435, 437 
Tetrameristaceae, 361 
Tetramerista sp., 361 
Thaliacea, 562 
Thaliaceans, 52-64 
Thalia democratica, 55, 562 
Theaceae, 361 
Thecoglossa, 831 
Themiste alutacea, 560 
Theobroma cacao, 358 
Theophrastaceae, 361 
Thereuopoda clunifera, 562 
Theridiidae, 437, 442, 445 
Theridiosoma, 440 
epeiroides, 455 
gemmosum, 455 
Thesium humile, 360 
Thevetia, 107 
Thin-plate splines, 563-578, 799 
Thin-plate spline (TPS) decomposition, 686-688, 690 
Thioptera nigrofimbria, 204 
Thomisidae, 435 
Thorley, Joseph L., see Wilkinson, Mark,— 
Thornton, Joseph W. and Rob DeSalle, New method to 
localize and test the significance of incongruence: 
detecting domain shuffling in the nuclear 
receptor superfamily, 183-201 
Three-taxon statement analysis, 480-500 
Thrichomys apereoides, 563-578 
Thunbergia 
coccinea, 353 
usambarica, 353 
Thymelaeaceae, 361 
Thymelaea hirsuta, 361 
Tidarren, 440, 442, 444-445 
fordum, 456 
sisyphoides, 456 


Tilia 
americana, 358 
platyphyllos, 358 
Timing transantarctic disjunctions in the 
Atherospermataceae (Laurales): evidence 
from coding and noncoding chloroplast 
sequences, S.S. Renner, D.B. Foreman, and 
D. Murray, 579-591 
Titanosaur, 771-772 
Titanosauroidea, 772, 775 
Toad (see also Bufo bufo), 11 
Tofieldia calyculata, 361 
Tofieldiaceae, 361 
Togacantha, 440 
nordviei, 456 
Topographical incongruence, 422-434 
Trabeculus, 388-389, 393, 396 
flemingi, 387-388. 390, 393 
hexakon, 387, 390, 393 
schillingi, 387, 391, 393 
Trachempys scripta, 562 
Tragelaphini, 515, 517-518, 520, 524, 528-529, 536 
Tragelaphus 
angasi, 518 
imberbis, 518 
scriptus, 518, 520-521, 527 
Transformationalism, taxism, and developmental 
biology in systematics, Ranhy Bang, Rob 
DeSalle, and Ward Wheeler, 19-27 
Transitions, 617-627 
Transversions, 617-627 
Trapelus, 243 
agilis, 243, 256 
persicus, 243-244, 256 
ruderatus, 243-244 
sanguinolentus, 243, 256 
savignit, 243-244, 256 
Trees 
bifurcating, 465 
character-state, 383, 481 
combined analysis, 550 
combinable consensus, 104 
consensus, 169, 281, 283, 292, 363-368, 705, 755, 832 
gene, 203, 219, 372, 422-434 
host-parasite, 383, 389 
likelihood, 723 
minimum evolution, 107 
minimum-length, 801, 806 
morphological, 550 
most-parsimonious, 104, 118, 171, 184, 189, 193, 209, 
236-237, 240, 243, 246, 248, 259, 281, 287, 309, 347, 
372, 411, 414, 472, 496, 583, 624, 630, 638, 641-643, 
645, 647, 674, 676, 681, 683, 702-703, 705, 707, 
754-763, 765, 769, 801, 830-832, 834 
optimal, 388, 605, 721, 723 
parsimonious, 71-73, 80, 83, 283, 405, 680 
parsimony, 107, 110, 229, 474 
phylogenetic, 89, 116, 122, 124, 160, 230, 236, 274, 
363-364, 366-368, 422, 441, 465, 587, 618, 653, 695, 
782, 797, 829 


i 
. 


880 


ribosomal, 615 
semistrict consensus, 104 
simultaneous analysis, 194, 196 
species, 422-434 
star, 365 
strict component consensus, 755-756, 762-763, 
765, 769-772 
strict consensus, 209, 492 
suboptimal, 170, 672 
ultrametric, 826 
Tree-bisect-reconnect (TBR) branch swapping, 172-178, 
189-190, 208-209, 214, 281, 286, 288, 297-298, 309, 
388, 520-522, 548, 595-596, 619, 676, 701, 754 
Tree robustness and clade significance, Michael S.Y. Lee, 
829-836 
Tree-search effort, 171-179 
Tree support, 278-305 
Tree topology, 652-670 
Trema micrantha, 361 
Tremandraceae, 361 
Trematoda, 561 
Trematominae, 119-120, 122, 124, 126 
Trematomus, 116 
bernacchii, 119, 122 
eulepidotus, 119, 122 
hansoni, 119, 122, 126 
newnesi, 119, 122 
nicolai, 119, 122 
pennellii, 119, 122 
scotti, 119, 122 
Trianthema protulacastrum, 358 
Triassic period, 75 
Tribolium, 43 
Trichilia emetica, 358 
Trichinella spiralis, 562 
Trichocephalida, 562 
Tricholoma, 293 
atroviolaceum, 302 
caligatum, 302 
giganteum, 293-294, 302 
imbricatum, 302 
pardinum, 302 
portentosum, 302 
subaureum, 302 
Tricholomataceae, 292-294, 302 
Tricholomateae, 302 
Tricholomatinae, 302 
Trichoplusia ni, 204 
Tricladida, 555, 561 
Tricyrtis 
affinis, 357 
latifolia, 357 
Trifine Noctuidae, 204 
Trigonobalanus verticellatus, 356 
Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the 
acoelomates and the position of 
Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, 
and Chaetognatha: a combined approach of 
18S rDNA sequences and morphology, Gonzalo 
Giribet, Daniel L. Distel, Martin Polz, Wolfgang 
Sterrer, and Ward C. Wheeler, 539-562 


SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 


VoL. 49 


Triploblastica, 539-562 
tRNA, 147-148, 236, 239-240, 250, 257-277, 517, 702, 
715, 717-718, 723-724, 732, 809, 811 
Trochata, 557 
Trochodendraceae, 318, 321, 341, 361 
Trochodendron aralioides, 361 
Trochozoa, 540-541 
Troodontids, 469 
Tropaeolaceae, 361 
Tropaeolum 
majus, 361 
tricolor, 361 
Tropidurinae, 274 
Tsuga 
canadensis, 359 
heterophylla, 359 
Tubiluchus corallicola, 561 
Tubulidentata, 501 
Tukey’s test, 162-164, 166 
Tulipa kolpakowskiana, 357 
Tunicates, 52 
Tupaia glis, 502, 504 
Tupaiidae, 504 
Turbellaria, 541 
Turneraceae, 361 
Turnera ulmifolia, 361 
Tylenchida, 562 
Tylophora, 111 
Tympanocryptis, 241 
lineata, 255 
Type I error, 177, 675, 678, 683-684 
Type II error, 177, 675 


Ulmaceae, 361 
Uloborus, 440 
campestratus, 453 
geniculatus, 453 
paradoxus, 453 
penicillatus, 453 
plumipes, 453 
prominens, 453 
segregatus, 453 
sinensis, 453 
sybotides, 453 
varians, 453 
walckenaerius, 453 
Ulophysema oeresundense, 562 
Ultrametric trees, 826 
Uma, 592-593, 605, 607, 608 
exsul, 594, 608 
inornata, 594, 608 
notata notata, 594, 608 
n. rufopunctata, 594, 608 
paraphygas, 594, 608 
scoparia, 594, 608 
Umbra, 782, 785, 787, 791 
krameri, 795 
limi, 795 
pygmae, 795 
Umbridae, 779 
Upchurch, Paul, see Wilkinson, Mark,— 


q 
x 


2000 


INDEX FOR VOLUME 49 


Urastoma, 545-546 
sp., 561 
Urbilateria, 23 
Urechis caupo, 560 
Urochordata, 45, 52-55, 545-546, 551, 562 
Urochordate evolution, 52-64 
Urochordate phylogeny, 52-64 
Urochordates are monophyletic within the 
deuterostomes, Billie J. Swalla, Chris B. Cameron, 
Laura S. Corley, and James R. Garey, 52-64 
Uromastycinae, 249, 255, 274 
Uromastyx, 239-241, 246, 249-250, 259, 262, 265 
acanthinurus, 255 
Uropygi, 613 
Urosaurus, 714-715, 717, 720, 732 
bicarinatus, 738, 739 
nigricaudus, 738 
ornatus, 594 
Urticaceae, 361 
Urtica dioica, 361 
Use of two-block partial least-squares to study 
covariation in shape, F. James Rohlf and 
Marco Corti, 740-753 
Uta, 714 
stansburiana, 594 
Utricularia biflora, 357 


Vahadenia, 107 
Valerianaceae, 361 
Valeriana officinalis, 361 
Varanidae, 275 
Varanid lizards, 252 
Varanoidea, 831 
Variation in mandible shape in Thrichomys apereoides 
(Mammalia:Rodentia): geometric analysis of a 
complex morphological structure, Luiza Carla 
Duarte, Leandro Rabello Monteiro, Fernando 
José Von Zuben, and Sérgio Furtado Dos Reis, 
563-578 
Velloziaceae, 363 
Vendian period, 137, 140 
Veratrum 
parviflorum, 358 
viride, 358 
Verbena 
bonariensis, 362 
scabrido-glandulosa, 362 
Verbenaceae, 362 
Verrucosa, 440 
arenata, 462 
Vertebrata, 23, 52, 55, 140, 190, 494 
Vestimentifera, 546 
Viburnum 
acerifolia, 353 
opulus, 353 
Vilgalys, Rytas, see Moncalvo, Jean-Marc,— 
Vincetoxicum, 108, 111 
Violaceae, 362 
Viperidae, 273, 275 
Viscaceae, 362 


Viscainoa geniculata, 362 
Viscum album, 362 
Visualization, 740-753 
Vitaceae, 318, 341-343, 345, 347, 362 

Vitis aestivalis, 362 

Vivianiaceae, 328 

Vochysiaceae, 362 

Vochysia rufescens, 362 

Von Zuben, Fernando José, see Duarte, Luiza Carla,— 
Vulcanodon, 771 

Vulval precursor cells (VPCs), 6 

Vu Quang, 515-538 


Wagner parsimony, 439, 444 

Wagner, Peter J., Quality of the fossil record and 
the accuracy of phylogenetic inferences 
about sampling and diversity, 65-86 

Wagner, Peter, see Lutzoni, Francois,— 

Wagner, Peter J. and Christian A. Sidor, Age rank/clade 
rank metrics-sampling, taxonomy, and 
the meaning of “stratigraphic consistency,” 
463-479 

Walker, Jeffrey A., Ability of geometric morphometric 
methods to estimate a known covariance 
matrix, 686-696 

Wallaroo, 619 

Wallis, Graham P., see Paterson, Adrian M.,— 

Wallis, Graham P., see Waters, Jonathan M.,— 

Wallis, Lise J., see Paterson, Adrian M.,— 

Wang, Yuezhao, see Macey, J. Robert — 

War of the iguanas: conflicting molecular and 
morphological phylogenies and long-branch 
attraction in iguanid lizards, John J. Wiens 
and Bradford D. Hollingsworth, 143-159 

Wasp, 39 (see also Copidosoma floridanum) 

Waters, Jonathan M., J. Andrés Lopez, and Graham 
P. Wallis, Molecular phylogenetics and 
biogeography of Galaxiid fishes (Osteichthyes: 
Galaxiidae): Dispersal, vicariance, and the 
position of Lepidogalaxias salamandroides, 
777-795 

Weighted parsimony, 617-627, 713-739 

Weinmannia, 579-580 

Welwitschiaceae, 361 

Welwitschia mirabilis, 362 

Whales, 501, 808, 815 (see also Cetacea) 

Wheeler, Ward C., see Giribet, Gonzalo,— 

Wheeler, Ward, see Bang, Ranhy,— 

Why morphometrics is special: The problem 
with using partial warps as characters 
for phylogenetic inference, Leandro R. 
Montiero, 796-799 

Wiens, John J. and Bradford D. Hollingsworth, 

War of the iguanas: conflicting molecular and 
morphological phylogenies and long-branch 
attraction in iguanid lizards, 143-159 

Wilcoxon signed ranks test, 146, 236-237, 246-248, 632, 
723, 727, 729, 782, 831, 834 

Wilgenbusch, James and Kevin de Queiroz, 
Phylogenetic relationships among the 


{ 

| 

| 


SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 


phrynosomatid sand lizards inferred by Xerosicyos 


mitochondrial DNA sequences generated by danguyi, 355 
5 


heterogeneous evolutionary processes, 592-612 decaryi, 35 
Wilkinson, Mark, Joseph L. Thorley, and Paul Xerula furfuracea, 303 
Upchurch, Chain is no stronger than its weakest Xia, Xuhua, Phylogenetic relationship among horseshoe 
link: Double decay analysis of phylogenetic crab species: effect of substitution models on 
hypotheses, 754-776 phylogenetic analyses, 87-100 
Winteraceae, 317, 339-340, 344, 361 Xylenini, 206, 218, 221 
Witica, 440 Xylethrus, 440 
cayana, 457 arawak, 457 
crassicauda, 457 scrupeus, 457 
Wixia, 440 superbus, 457 
abdominalis, 461 
ectypa, 461 Yoldia limatula, 560 
georgia, 461 
globosa, 461 Zane, Lorenzo, see Bargelloni, Luca,— 
Wojciechowski, Martin F., see Sanderson, Michael J.,— Zanthoxylum monophyllum, 360 
Wollemia, 587 Zea mays, 359 
Wray, Gregory A. and Christopher J. Lowe, Zebrafish, 1, 3-18 
Developmental regulatory genes and Zhong, Yang, see Sang, Tao,— 
the Echinoderm evolution, 28-51 Zoarchoids, 117 
Zoarcidae, 119 
Zoarcidei, 117 
Xanthophyllum sp., 359 Zygiella, 440 
Xanthorhiza simplicissima, 359 atrica, 459 
Xantusiidae, 274 inconveniens, 459 
Xenopneusta, 560 keyserlingi, 459 
Xenopus, 3-18, 23, 186, 833 kochi, 459 
laevis, 11, 186, 562 minima, 459 
Xenosauridae, 275 montana, 459 
Xenoturbellida, 545-546 sia, 459 
Xeromphalina, 293 stroemi, 459 
cauticinalis, 303 thorelli, 459 
Xeronema callistemon, 362 x-notata, 459 
Xeronemaceae, 362 Zygophyllaceae, 328, 342, 345, 362 
Xerophyllum tenax, 358 Zygopterans, 698 


+. 
882 VOL. 49 
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